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Unit Two A Flashcards

1
Q

Gluconeogenesis mainly occurs where

A

Liver

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2
Q

What are the two phases of glycolysis

A

Preparatory and payoff phase

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3
Q

Aldolase creates what two triose phosphates

A

Dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate

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4
Q

Fermentation regenerates what in glycolysis

A

NAD+ for further glycolysis under anaerobic conditions

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5
Q

What regulates PFK1

A

ATP, fructose 2,6BP

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6
Q

Kinase function

A

Transfer phosphate groups from ATP to various substrates

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7
Q

Why is glycolysis heavily regulated

A

Proper use of nutrients, production of ATP only when needed

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8
Q

What enzyme is used for rearrangement

A

Mutase

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9
Q

What is the first step of pyruvate to phosphoenolpyruvate

A

Pyruvate carboxylase converts pyruvate and oxaloacetate

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10
Q

Isomerization is

A

Aldose to ketose

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11
Q

Ribose 5 phosphate is used for

A

DNA and RNA synthesis or synthesis of some coenzymes

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12
Q

What occurs during step 8 of glycolysis

A

Migration of phosphate

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13
Q

What step in glycolysis uses rearrangement

A

Step 8

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14
Q

Animals cant produce glucose from what macromolecule

A

Fatty acids

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15
Q

Step 6 of glycolysis pulls forward due to

A

Coupling to next reaction

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16
Q

What is the substrate only used for step 6 of glycolysis

A

GAP

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17
Q

What tissues use the pentose phosphate pathway

A

Liver and adipose tissue

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18
Q

What occurs during rearrangement

A

Transfer of phosphoryl group from one atom to another

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19
Q

CO2 produced in the first step of ethanol fermentation is responsible for

A

Carbonation in beer and dough rising

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20
Q

Can mammals convert fatty acids to sugars

A

No

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21
Q

Transketoalse uses what pathway

A

Pentose phosphate pathway

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22
Q

When is glucose stored

A

When there’s plenty of excess energy

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23
Q

Glycolysis generates

A

Energy via oxidation of glucose

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24
Q

What is tautomerization

A

Effectively lowers the concentration of the reaction product

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25
Q

What are the main products of pentose phosphate pathway

A

NADPH and ribose 5 phosphate

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26
Q

Function of transketolase and transaldolase

A

Transfers 2 carbon glyceraldehyde from ketone to aldose

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27
Q

Pyruvate can be used as a precursor in

A

Biosynthesis

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28
Q

Reverse of Aldol cleavage

A

Aldol condensation

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29
Q

Rationale of step 10 for glycolysis

A

Substrate level phosphorylation to make ATP, net production of 2 ATP/glucose

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30
Q

What is the entry point of lactose into glycolysis

A

Lactose can be converted to galactose then enter through the galactose way or convert to glucose then glucose 6 phosphate

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31
Q

Pentose phosphate pathway generates

A

NADPH via oxidation of glucose

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32
Q

Rationale of step five of glycolysis

A

Allows glycolysis to proceed by one pathway

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33
Q

What is bound to ATP when used in first step of glycolysis

A

Mg2+

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34
Q

What is the entry point of glycogen into glycolysis

A

Glycogen can enter though glucose 1 phosphate or convert to glucose and convert to glucose 6 phosphate

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35
Q

Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency has resistance to what

A

Malaria due to high oxidative stress in red blood cells

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36
Q

Fungal and bacterial aldolases employ what type of catalysis

A

Metal ion catalysis

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37
Q

What steps produce ATP

A

Step 7 and 10

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38
Q

Glucose 6 phosphate can be used in both

A

Glycogen synthesis and pentose phosphate pathway

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39
Q

In non oxidative phase of pentose phosphate pathway uses what enzymes

A

Transketolase and transaldolase

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40
Q

Do humans contain the enzyme pyruvate decarboxylase

A

No

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41
Q

Role of biotin (B7) in gluconeogenesis

A

Takes CO2 from HCO3- and places it on pyruvate to form oxaloacetate

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42
Q

What are the enzymes needed to go from pyruvate to ethanol

A

Pyruvate decarboxylase and alcohol dehydrogenase

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43
Q

The non oxidative phase of pentose phosphate pathway regenerates

A

Glucose 6 phosphate and ribose 5 phosphate

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44
Q

Pyruvate to phosphoenolpyruvate is how many steps

A

Two

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45
Q

What enzymes use TPP as coenzyme

A

Pyruvate decarboxylase, pyruvate dehydrogenase, alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, transketolase

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46
Q

What is the transition molecule in glycolysis

A

Glucose 6 hosphate

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47
Q

Pyruvate tautomerization causes

A

Pyruvate to change form enol form to ketone form

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48
Q

The oxidative phase of pentose phosphate pathway uses what enzyme

A

G6P dehydrogenase to help produce NADPH

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49
Q

Rationale for increased glycolytic rate in tumor cells

A

Increases expression of hexokinase and GLUT 1 and 3, hypoxia increases expression of HIF-1alpha transcription factor leading to increase glycolytic enzymes

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50
Q

Why is step 7 of glycolysis reversible

A

Coupling to GAPDH reaction

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51
Q

What pulls step 9 of glycolysis forward

A

Product concentration kept low

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52
Q

The second step of pyruvate to PEP occurs where

A

Mitochondria or cytosol

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53
Q

What pulls step five of glycolysis forward

A

GAP concentration kept low

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54
Q

What is the middle intermediate of pyruvate to ethanol

A

Acetaldehyde

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55
Q

What is the solution to extract free energy from glucose anaerobically

A

Activation through phosphorylation then collect energy from the high energy metabolites

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56
Q

Gluconeogenesis occurs where

A

Liver

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57
Q

NADPH can regulate and inhibit what

A

Pentose phosphate pathway and will partition into glycolysis to transfer electrons

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58
Q

Where can lactate be converted into glucose

A

Liver

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59
Q

Glucose molecules are cleaved from glycogen and starch by

A

Glycogen phosphorylase

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60
Q

Step three of glycolysis favorable, unfavorable, reversible or irreversible

A

Favorable and irreversible

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61
Q

What is the entry point of galactose into glycolysis

A

UDP-galactose, UDP glucose then glucose 1 phosphate

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62
Q

What is the entry point of sucrose into glycolysis

A

Sucrose can convert to glucose and enter through glucose 6 phosphate or sucrose can convert to fructose and convert to fructose 6 phosphate

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63
Q

Pyruvate dehydrogenase uses what pathway

A

Acetyl CoA synthesis

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64
Q

NADPH is used for what in pentose phosphate pathway

A

Reductive biosynthesis of fatty acids and steroids and repair of oxidative damage

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65
Q

What is needed for aldose (glucose) to isomerize into a ketose (fructose)

A

Enediol intermediate

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66
Q

Is glycolysis the oxidation or reduction of glucose

A

Oxidation

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67
Q

Primary function of glutathione and glutathione reductase

A

Alleviate oxidative stress

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68
Q

The oxidative phase of pentose phosphate pathway generates what

A

NADPH and ribose 5 phosphate

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69
Q

What step in glycolysis uses dehydration

70
Q

Lactic acid fermentation by product is

71
Q

What regulates the first step of glycolysis

A

Substrate inhibition

72
Q

What proteins can animals produce glucose from

A

Amino acids that can be converted to citric acid cycle intermediates or glycogenic amino acids

73
Q

What is dehydrogenation

A

Oxidation of aldehyde with NAD+ gives NADH

74
Q

In the second step of pyruvate to PEP becomes phosphorylated from

A

GTP and decarboxylation

75
Q

TPP carries what

A

Acetaldehyde

76
Q

When glucose molecules are cleaved from glycogen they create

A

Glucose 1-phosphate

77
Q

What steps use ATP

A

Step 1 and 3

78
Q

What is the second step of pyruvate to phosphoenolpyruvate

A

Phosphoenolpyruvate caroboxylase converts oxaloacetate to PEP

79
Q

Are the reversible reactions in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis used by same or different pathways

A

Same pathways

80
Q

What are the fates of pyruvate

A

Ethanol, acetyl CoA and lactate

81
Q

What enzyme regulates FBPase1 in gluconeogensis

82
Q

Glucose 6 phosphate to glucose in gluconeogensis uses what enzyme

A

Glucose 6 phosphatase

83
Q

Why is 2 phosphoglycerate not a good enough phosphate donor

A

Two negative charges on it are fairly close and loss of phosphate from it would give a secondary alcohol with no further stabilization

84
Q

Step five of glycolysis thermodynamically ????

A

Unfavorable, reversible

85
Q

Alcohol dehydrogenase requires what coenzymes

A

Zn2+ and NAD+

86
Q

Is the first or second step of ethanol fermentation produce NAD+

A

Second step

87
Q

What cofactor is used with pyruvate carboxylase

88
Q

Rationale of step 9 of glycolysis

A

Generate a high energy phosphate compound

89
Q

Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency can be fatal during what

A

High oxidative stress

90
Q

What is the entry point of mannose into glycolysis

A

Mannose can be converted into mannose 6 phosphate then fructose 6 phosphate

91
Q

Why do liver and adipose tissue use pentose phosphate pathway

A

Requires more NADPH than Ribose 5 phosphate

92
Q

Irreversible reactions use what type of enzymes

A

Regulatory

93
Q

TPP derived from

94
Q

Is the regulatory step the fastest or slowest step

95
Q

Glucose is stored as

96
Q

Function of Mg2+ when attached to ATP

A

Shields negative charges on ATP

97
Q

The first step of pyruvate to phosphoenolpyruvate needs to be transported where and by what

A

Mitochondria via malate

98
Q

Sucrose is hydrolyzed into

A

Glucose and fructose

99
Q

The loss of phosphate from PEP in step 10 creates an

A

Enol that tautomerizes into ketone

100
Q

What parts of body only generates ATP from glucose

A

Brain, nervous system, red blood cells

101
Q

What is the active site on GAP

102
Q

What enzyme is need to go from fructose 1,6bp to fructose 6 phosphate in gluconeogensis

A

Fructose bisphosphatase 1

103
Q

Step six of glycolysis is thermodynamically???

A

Unfavorable, reversible

104
Q

What is the cori cycle

A

Metabolic cooperation between muscle and liver to convert lactate into glucose

105
Q

What occurs during Aldol splitting or cleavage

A

6 carbon to two 3 carbon molecule

106
Q

What drives step two of glycolysis forward

A

Product concentration kept low

107
Q

Pyruvate kinase requires what for activity

A

Divalent metals such as Mg2+ or Mn2+

108
Q

What enzyme is needed for lactic acid fermentation

A

Lactate dehydrogenase

109
Q

What are the cofactors or coenzymes in glycolysis

A

Mg2+, Mn2+ NAD+ and ATP/ADP

110
Q

Pyruvate decarboxylase used in what pathway

A

Ethanol fermentation

111
Q

What steps in glycolysis uses isomerization

A

Step 2 and 5

112
Q

Rationale of step 7 of glycolysis

A

Substrate level phosphorylation to make ATP

113
Q

Ribose 5 phosphate is a biosynthetic precursor of what

A

Nucleotides

114
Q

Site of glycolysis

115
Q

Is NADPH and electron acceptor or donor

116
Q

Pentose phosphate pathway is used for

A

Detoxification and the biosynthesis of lipids and nucleotides

117
Q

Rationale for step three of glycolysis

A

Further activation of glucose, allows for 1 phosphate/3-carbon sugar after step four

118
Q

Step 7 of glycolysis thermodynamically???

A

Favorable, reversible

119
Q

Is glycolysis anabolic or catabolic

120
Q

Rationale of step of glycolysis

A

Traps glucose inside cell and lowers intracellular glucose concentration to allow further uptake

121
Q

Rationale of step six of glycolysis

A

Generation of high energy phosphate compound, incorporates inorganic phosphate

122
Q

What step in glycolysis uses phosphorylation

A

Step 1,3,7, and 10

123
Q

Step 9 glycolysis thermodynamically???

A

Unfavorable, reversible

124
Q

Is lactic acid fermentation irreversible or reversible

A

Reversible

125
Q

Biotin is what type of carrier

A

CO2 carrier

126
Q

Lactose hydrolyzed into

A

Glucose and galactose

127
Q

What step in glycolysis converts NAD+ to NADH

128
Q

What is the entry point of fructose into glycolysis

A

Fructose can become fructose 6 phosphate or go through liver and convert to fructose 1 phosphate and convert to DHAP or glyceraldehyde then convert to GAP

129
Q

Step 10 of glycolysis is regulated by

A

ATP, divalent metals

130
Q

What drives the reaction of step 10 toward

ATP formation

A

Tautomerization

131
Q

What is the product of ethanol fermentation

A

2 ethanol and 2 CO2

132
Q

What is step 7 makes ATP

A

1,3-bisphosphoglycerate donates the phosphate group to aDP

133
Q

What step in glycolysis uses Aldol splitting or cleavage

134
Q

Alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase uses what pathway

A

Citric acid cycle

135
Q

Animal and plant aldolases employ what type of catalysis

A

Covalent catalysis

136
Q

What is fermentation of glycolysis

A

Generation of energy (ATP) without consuming oxygen or NAD+

137
Q

Is the first or second step in ethanol fermentation produce CO2

138
Q

Glycolysis is needed for

A

Short term energy needs

139
Q

Glycolysis occurs mainly where

A

Muscle and brain

140
Q

What is a product of fatty acid degradation

A

Acetyl Co-A

141
Q

Is glycolysis anaerobic or aerobic

142
Q

What are the four major pathways of glucose utilization

A

Storage, glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, synthesis of structural polysaccharides

143
Q

The isomerization is catalyzed by what in step two of glycolysis

A

Activate site glutamate via general acid/base catalysis

144
Q

Step two of glycolysis favorable, unfavorable, irreversible, reversible

A

Unfavorable and reversible

145
Q

Lactate builds up in muscle then is transported to

146
Q

What attacks the ATP in the first step of glycolysis

A

Nucleophilic oxygen at C6 of glucose

147
Q

What step is the first committed step of glycolysis

148
Q

What occurs in step six of glycolysis

A

Oxidation of aldehyde with NAD+ gives NADH

149
Q

What reactions in glycolysis must be bypassed in gluconeogenesis

A

Irreversible pathways

150
Q

Step 10 of glycolysis thermodynamically ????

A

Favorable, irreversible

151
Q

Enzyme for step one of glycolysis

A

Hexokinase in animals and glucokinase in prokaryotes

152
Q

Rationale of step four of glycolysis

A

Cleavage of six carbon sugar into two three carbon sugars, high energy phosphate sugars are three carbon sugars

153
Q

Is the reaction from pyruvate to ethanol reversible or irreversible

A

Irreversible

154
Q

What is the committed or regulatory step in glycolysis

A

Fructose 6 phosphate to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate

155
Q

Some of the oxidation free energy in glycolysis is captured by

A

The synthesis of ATP and NADH

156
Q

Step one of glycolysis uses what for energy

157
Q

Why do the irreversible pathways in glycolysis and gluconeogensis differ

A

Different enzymes, different regulators

158
Q

What is most important role of lactic acid fermentation

A

Regenerate NAD+ for glycolysis

159
Q

What pull the reaction of step four of glycolysis forward

A

GAP concentration kept low

160
Q

Is step one favorable, non favorable, irreversible or non irreversible

A

Irreversible and favorable

161
Q

What are the cofactors of pyruvate decarboxylase

A

Mg2+ and TPP

162
Q

Animals can produce glucose from macromolecules

A

Sugars and proteins

163
Q

Step four of glycolysis thermodynamically :???

A

Unfavorable, reversible

164
Q

Step two of glycolysis rationale

A

C1 of fructose is easier to phosphorylate by PFK. Allows for symmetrical cleave by aldolase

165
Q

What step uses dehydrogenation

166
Q

What happens to active site of GAP

A

Forms high energy thioester intermediate and is subject to inactivation by oxidative stress

167
Q

What steps use Mg2+ or Mn2+

A

Step 1, 8 and 10

168
Q

What steps are the substrate level phosphorylation steps

A

Step 7 and 10

169
Q

What sugars can animals can produce glucose

A

Pyruvate, lactate and oxaloacetate (3 or 4C)

170
Q

What are the irreversible steps in glycolysis

A

Step 1,3, and 10

Biochem 2 (5 decks)

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