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Unit One Flashcards

1
Q

Low energy status will stimulate

A

ATP generating pathways

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2
Q

Vitamin precursor of NAD

A

Niacin (B3)

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3
Q

example of ATP utilizing pathway

A

Anabolism

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4
Q

Vitamin precursor of FAD

A

Riboflavin (B2)

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5
Q

What is substrate phosphorylation

A

Generation of ATP via oxidation of phosphorylated high energy intermediates

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6
Q

How to reduce molecules

A

Remove oxygen or add hydrogen or both

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7
Q

How many protons in redox of FAD

A

2

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8
Q

How many reactive sites of coenzyme A

A

1

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9
Q

What is convergent

A

Converge to a central metabolite

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10
Q

Do catabolic pathways require or generate energy

A

Generate

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11
Q

Fuel molecules with the highest oxidation number generates what

A

The greatest amount of energy after oxidation

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12
Q

Covalent modification uses

A

Phosphorylation and dephosphorylation, binding of regulatory proteins/allosteric effectors to regulatory site on enzyme

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13
Q

When delta G is positive, Keq is

A

Less than one

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14
Q

Coenzyme A derived from

A

Pantothenate (B5)

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15
Q

Oxidized form of NAD

A

NAD+

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16
Q

What is the universal currency of free energy in biological systems

A

ATP

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17
Q

What are the components of NAD

A

ADP, ribose, pyridine

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18
Q

What is feedback inhibition

A

Intermediate molecules are the precursors to next reaction, end product will inhibit the first reaction.

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19
Q

What are the three ways metabolic processes are regulated

A

Control amount of enzymes, catalytic activity and accessibility to substrates

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20
Q

Why does ATP produce high energy of hydrolysis

A

Electrostatic repulsion of negative charges in ATP, resonance stabilization of hydrolytic products, and stabilization of hydrolytic products due to dissociation and hydration

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21
Q

Fuel molecules are

A

Compounds that have carbons with oxidation numbers greater than zero

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22
Q

Reduced form of FAD

A

FADH2

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23
Q

What are the three stages of catabolism

A

Macromolecules broken down, convergent pathway, further processing of acetyl Co-A to make ATP

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24
Q

Function of NAD

A

Activated electron carrier

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25
Q

High energy status inhibits

A

ATP generating pathways

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26
Q

Phosphorylation potential depends on

A

Concentration of inorganic phosphate

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27
Q

What is the ATP source of muscle

A

Creatine phosphate

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28
Q

Is negative delta G endergonic or exergonic

A

Exergonic

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29
Q

Examples of anabolic pathways

A

Gluconeogenesis, fatty acid synthesis

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30
Q

Common motif of FAD

A

ADP

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31
Q

What linkage is found in ATP

A

Phosphodiester linkage

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32
Q

What are oxidation numbers

A

Is the number of electrons assigned to that carbon

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33
Q

Fatty acid oxidation occurs in

A

Mitochondria

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34
Q

Examples of catabolic pathways

A

Glycolysis, fatty acid oxidation

35
Q

Does anabolic pathways require or generate energy

A

Require energy

36
Q

Example of ATP generating pathways

A

Catabolism

37
Q

Anabolic pathways are

A

Synthesis into macromolecules

38
Q

Reduced form of NAD

A

NADH and H+

39
Q

How to oxidize molecules

A

Add oxygen or remove hydrogen or both

40
Q

Activated carriers are usually derived from

41
Q

Anabolic pathways do what to molecules

A

Reduce them

42
Q

Oxidized form of FAD

43
Q

Examples of oxidation of fuel molecules

A

NAD+ and FAD

44
Q

How does ATP provide stabilization of hydrolytic products through dissociation and hydration

A

More water can bind to ADP and Pi than to ATP, causing stabilization with ADP and Pi through hydration

45
Q

Catabolic pathways produce what type of coenzymes

A

Reduced, NADH and QH2

46
Q

How do unfavorable reactions become favorable and move forward in the reaction

A

Couple the unfavorable reaction with a large negative delta G (favorable reaction)

47
Q

What type of molecule is ATP

A

Nucleotide

48
Q

Catabolic pathways are inhibited by

A

High levels of ATP

49
Q

Three main purposes of energy generation

A

Mechanical work for cellular movement and muscle contraction. Active transport of ions and molecules across membranes. Biosynthesis of macromolecules and cell division.

50
Q

What does divergent mean

A

Can give rise to different macromolecules

51
Q

Are catabolic pathways divergent or convergent

A

Convergent

52
Q

What ATP formation pathway only occurs in the mitochondrial membrane

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

53
Q

Are anabolic pathways convergent or divergent

54
Q

Example of regulating enzyme amount and activity

A

Rate of synthesis and degradation of transcription and translation (remember lactose gene expression)

55
Q

How many electrons in FAD redox

56
Q

Catabolic pathways are

A

Breakdown into non-toxic molecules from macromolecules

57
Q

What activates anabolic pathways

A

High levels of ATP

58
Q

Function of coenzyme A

A

Acyl group carrier

59
Q

Function of FAD

A

Activated electron carrier

60
Q

What are the substrates in substrate level phosphorylation

A

Phosphoenol pyruvate, 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate, creatine phosphate

61
Q

Examples of synthesis of biomolecules

62
Q

Fatty acid synthesis occurs

A

In cytoplasm

63
Q

How many reactive sites in FAD

64
Q

How does compartmentalization of biochemical processes enhance metabolic efficiency and regulation

A

Helps control the accessibility of the substrate

65
Q

Breakdown of macromolecules is either endergonic or exergonic

66
Q

Examples of covalent modification

A

Hormones used as regulators and are reversible

67
Q

Common motif of NAD

68
Q

Common motif of coenzyme A

69
Q

How many electrons produced in redox of NAD

70
Q

Is ATP hydrolysis positive or negative delta G

A

Negative delta G and is favorable

71
Q

What group is at the reactive site

A

Sulfahydryl group

72
Q

How does ATP provide resonance stabilization

A

Release of Pi causes ADP + Pi to have greater resonance stabilization than ATP

73
Q

How many protons produced in redox of NAD

74
Q

What is intermediary metabolism

A

Interaction coordinated by allosteric enzymes and regulatory molecules. Intermediate pathways are precursors for other pathways

75
Q

When delta G is negative, Keq is

A

Greater than one

76
Q

What are the three phosphorylated compounds that yield higher negative delta G than ATP

A

Phosphoenolpyruvate, 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate and creatine phosphate

77
Q

Synthesis of complex molecules requires energy and is exergonic or endergonic

A

Endergonic

78
Q

What is an important source of cellular energy with carbon fuels

A

Oxidation of carbon fuels

79
Q

What is oxidative phosphorylation

A

Generation of ATP via proton motive force across membrane during oxidation of biological fuels in the presence of O2

80
Q

What are the two pathways for ATP formation

A

Substrate level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation

81
Q

How many reactive sites of NAD

82
Q

Catabolic pathways do what to molecules

A

Oxidize molecules

83
Q

What type of coenzymes are needed for anabolic pathways

A

Reduced, NADPH and QH2

Biochem 2 (5 decks)

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