Unit Three: Russia Flashcards

1
Q

Some regions are much stronger than
others, so power is devolved unequally across the country, a condition
called_____

A

asymmetric federalism

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2
Q

the oligarch who founded United Russia

A

Berezovsky, Boris

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3
Q

Lenin’s followers

A

Bolsheviks

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4
Q

a privileged class of rich landowners

A

boyars

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5
Q

reigned over Russia for 34 years—longer than any other female in Russian history. As empress, Catherine westernized Russia. She led her country into full participation in the political and cultural life of Europe

A

Catherine the Great

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6
Q

group of Communist party leaders that met twice a year

A

Central Committee

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7
Q

this is weak in Russia due to the communist ways; any interest groups during that time were heavily controlled by the government, which is still somewhat present today.

A

civil society in Russia

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8
Q

Private land ownership was done away with, and the farms were intended to feed workers in the cities who contributed to the industrialization of the nation.

A

collective farms, collectivization

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9
Q

united the fifteen former republics of the Soviet Union, and Russia has been the clear
leader of the group. However, the organization has little formal power over its members, and today only nine former republics remain tied to it. Russia’s motives are almost always under strict scrutiny by other countries. Still, trade agreements bind them together, although nationality differences keep the members from reaching common agreements.

A

Commonwealth of Independent States

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10
Q

a primarily Muslim region that has
fought for years for its freedom

A

conflict in Chechnya

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11
Q

created a three-branch government, with a president, a prime minister, a lower legislative house called the Duma, and a Constitutional Court

A

Constitution of 1993

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12
Q

has the power to challenge the constitutionality of laws and other official actions of legislative and executive bodies

A

Constitutional Court

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13
Q

convinced many of the tsar’s critics that Russian ways were indeed backward and in need of major reform; Technological/military reform

A

Crimean War

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14
Q

The Communist Party of the Russian Federation; the biggest competition to United Russia

A

CPRF

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15
Q

Most citizens in Russia in Russian, however there is a strong influence from the Muslim community

A

cultural heterogeneity in Russia

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16
Q

Western thought influenced Russian intellectuals who saw no room for western political institutions to grow under the tsars’ absolutism. Their frustration erupted in the _____. Suppressed by Nicholas I

A

Decembrist Revolt

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17
Q

a decision that the legislature has no control over

A

decrees

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18
Q

the idea of a “vanguard” leadership group
that would lead to the revolution because the people could not organize it themselves.

A

democratic centralism

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19
Q

a process that brought about reforms, such as loosening government censorship of the press, decentralization of economic decision-making, and restructuring collective farms.

A

de-Stalinization

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20
Q

the lower house made up of 450 members

A

Duma

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21
Q

Russian egalitarianism has survived the fall of the Soviet Union and most Russians resent wealth and income differences.

A

equality of result in Russia

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22
Q

The Russian Federation has retained this model, and the current regime consists of eighty-nine regions, with a bicameral system

A

federal government structure

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23
Q

upper house; consists of two members from each of the 89 federal administrative units. Since 2002 one representative is selected by the governor of each region and another by the regional legislature.

A

Federation Council

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24
Q

With this, Stalin set ambitious goals for the production of heavy industry, such as oil, steel, and electricity

A

Five Year Plans

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25
head of Politburo during Soviet Union era; For example, Stalin
general secretary
26
This term translates from Russian as “openness”; it allowed more open discussion of political, social, and economic issues as well as open criticism of the government.
glasnost
27
He served as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1985 and additionally as head of state beginning in 1988, initiated glasnost
Gorbachev, Mikhail
28
Glasnost, Democratization, Perestroika
Gorbachev’s three-pronged reform plan
29
Central State Planning Commission during the Soviet Union
Gosplan
30
President = Head of State PM = Head of Government
head of government, head of state
31
Stalin's successor, set about to reform Stalinism by loosening its totalitarian nature and publicly denouncing the purges.
Khrushchev, Nikita
32
farmers during the Soviet Union that were forced to move to cities or to labor camps, and untold numbers died at the hands of government officials.
kulaks
33
Russian communist revolutionary and head of the Bolshevik Party who rose to prominence during the Russian Revolution of 1917, one of the most explosive political events of the twentieth century.
Lenin, V.I.
34
This misnamed party is by far the most controversial. It is headed by Vladimir Zhirinovsky who has made headlines around the world for his extreme nationalist positions.
Liberal Democrats
35
Like the oligarchs, they gained power during the chaotic time after the Revolution of 1991, and they control local businesses, natural resources, and banks.
mafia
36
Lenin's version of Communism (vanguard)
Marxism-Leninism
37
President after Putin's first terms, allowed for Putin to be a factor as prime minister
Medvedev, Dmitri
38
(i) represented a minority group under the leadership of Alexander Kerenskii. (ii) They believed in gradual change and establishment of a parliamentary form of government like that of France and Britain. (iii) They favoured a party which was open to all and to work within the system
Mensheviks
39
biggest cleavage in Russia; Although about 80% of all citizens are Russians, the country includes sizeable numbers of Tatars, Ukrainians, Armenians, Chuvashes, Bashkis, Byelorussians, and Moldavians. These cleavages determine the organization of the country into a “federation,” with “autonomous regions,” republics, and provinces whose borders are based on ethnicity.
nationality
40
Signed by Putin to allow a great deal of private ownership to exist under a centralized leadership
New Economic Policy
41
process of recruiting leaders from lower levels of the party was generally blind to economic and social backgrounds
nomenklatura
42
a small group of people having control of a country, organization, or institution
oligarchy
43
This economic reform was Gorbachev’s most radical, and also his least successful. Again, he tried to keep the old Soviet structure and modernize from within. Most significantly, it transferred many economic powers held by the central government to private hands and the market economy. Specific reforms included the authorization of some privately owned companies, penalties for underperforming state factories, leasing of farmland outside the collective farms, price reforms, and encouragement of joint ventures with foreign companies.
perestroika
44
tsar that introduced western technology
Peter the Great
45
heart and soul of the Communist party
Politburo
46
Russia is this because it has both a president and PM
presidential-parliamentary system
47
The Duma is elected this format
proportional representation in Russia
48
recent and former leader of Russia who is the head of the United Russia party
Putin
49
led by Lenin in the 1918 civil war; they won leading to the Soviet Union
Red Army
50
led by Russian military leaders and funded by allied forces
White Army
51
main religious influence in Russia
Russian Orthodox Church
52
In 1956 he gave his famous ______, in which he revealed the existence of a letter written by Lenin before he died. The letter was critical of Stalin, and Khrushchev used it to denounce Stalin’s rules and practices, particularly the purges that he sponsored.
"secret speech"
53
Part of Boris Yeltsin's attempt to create a western-style democracy; an immediate Market Economy
"shock therapy''
54
The dissension between Russian nationalists and Russians that want to have democracy-like governance.
Slavophile vs. Westernizer
55
two-pronged program of collectivization and industrialization, carried out by central planning and executed with force and brutality
Stalinism
56
the state controlling the interest groups
state corporatism
57
Russia has a history of heavy _____, in which the state has centralized control over social and economic affairs
statism (in Russia)
58
a system of government that is centralized and dictatorial and requires complete subservience to the state
totalitarianism
59
an emperor of Russia before 1917
tsars
60
most powerful political party; best described as "Pro-Putin"
United Russia Party
61
St. Petersburg (city developed by Peter the Great) was known as the _____
"Window on the West"
62
been characterized as a centrist on an international political spectrum because of its positioning as the "non-system opposition" left-liberal party supporting liberal democracy. The party also advocates for the protection of the rights of LGBT people in Russia.
Yobloko
63
The first president of Russia who tried to influence democracy and methods of the West
Yeltsin, Boris
64
built hospitals, schools, constructed roads, and engaged in tax collecting
zemstvas
65
head of Liberal Democrats in Russia and is known for his extreme nationalism
Zhirinovsky, Vladimir
66
leader of Communist Party as of now
Zyuganov, Gennady