Unit Four: China Flashcards
Generation after Mao and Deng
3rd generation leader
Generation starting from Hu Jinato
4th generation leader
an area of a country that has a degree of autonomy, or freedom from an external authority
autonomous regions
people in positions of authority that are paid by the party or the government
cadres
has about 340 members (some of whom are alternates) that meet together annually for
about a week. They carry on the business of the National Party Congress between sessions, although their size and infrequent
meetings limit their policymaking powers. Their meetings are called plenums, and they are important in that they are gatherings of the political elites, and from their midst are chosen the Politburo and the Standing Committee.
Central Committee
The military is one important power source in the People’s Republic of China. The military played an essential role in the rise of the Communist Party and it is represented in the government by the _____ .
Central Military Commission
ask…
Chiang Kai-shek
a political theory associated with communism. More broadly, it is the idea that people should prioritize the good of society over the welfare of the individual.
collectivism
The central governing body of China
CCP
emphasized the importance of order and harmony encouraged Chinese citizens
to submit to the emperor’s power, and reinforced the emperor’s responsibility to fulfill his duties conscientiously
Confucianism
a much more profound reform in that it encompassed political and social change, as well as economic. His main goal was to purify the party and the country through a radical transformation. Important principles were:
* the ethic of struggle
* mass line
* collectivism
* egalitarianism
* unstinting service to society
Cultural Revolution
social units usually based on a person’s place of work
danwei
political power moving down towards more local/lower levels
decentralization
or the communist belief in a small group of leaders who make decisions for the people
democratic centralism
“It doesn’t matter whether a cat is white or black, as long as it catches mice.”; In other words, he didn’t worry too much about whether a policy was capitalist or socialist as long as it improved the economy
Deng Xiaoping Theory
supervision from higher bodies in the government and by comparable bodies in the CCP
dual role
the early form of leadership in China; power handed down through families
dynastic cycles
the doctrine that all people are equal and deserve equal rights and opportunities
egalitarianism
a grouping of individuals, especially within a political organization, such as a political party, a trade union, or other group with a political purpose
factions
a condition in which a group, organization, government, etc., is split into two or more smaller groups with differing and often opposing opinions or interests
factionalism
a tightening up, loosening up cycle – a waxing and waning of the power of each.
fang-shou
the large population of rural citizens in urban areas in China
floating population
this is the nickname the CCP once gave any countries who asked for a trade or help in any aspect in governing
foreign devils
industry, agriculture, science, and the
military
Four Modernization
a compromise between socialist planning and free enterprise, in which enterprises are publicly owned but production and consumption are guided by market forces rather than by government planning
free market socialism
a radical group that wanted to keep ways of the Mao regime, unlike Deng
“Gang of Four”
personal connections
guanxi
Mao changed directions in 1958, partly in an effort to free China from Soviet domination; principles included all-around development, mass mobilization, political unanimity and zeal, decentralization
Great Leap Forward
the ethnic group that is 92%
Han Chinese
leadership or dominance, especially by one country or social group over others
hegemony
In this system, individual families take full charge of the production and marketing of crops. After paying government taxes and contract fees to the villages, families may consume or sell what they produce.
household responsibility system
China’s traditional household registration system that makes it difficult to move from one place to another
hukou
China’s form of welfare that gave all citizens employment opportunity
iron rice bowl
He was the core leader of the third generation of Chinese leadership, one of four core leaders alongside Mao Zedong, Deng Xiaoping, and Xi Jinping.
Jiang Zemin
cross-country trek led by Mao Zedong as Chiang Kai-shek’s nationalist army
pursued his communist followers
The Long March
the right to rule as seen by the collective
ancestral wisdom that guided the empire from the heavens above
mandate of heaven
- Iron Rice Bowl
- Communes
- Education is limited to elementary school
- No private property allowed
- Egalitarianism
- Believed Communist Party leadership should not be challenged
Mao Zedong
Much like Leninism, but encouraged the voice of the people through the mass line
Maoism
process in which the government was connected to the peasants
mass line
an effort to turn sheer numbers of people
into an asset – better motivation, harder, work, less unemployment
mass mobilization
Since ancient times, the Chinese have referred to their country as zhongguo, meaning “_____”, or the place that is the center of civilization
Middle Kingdom
the lowest body of CCP; rubber stamps policies
Nationalist Party Congress
a program to lift the lagging rural economy in 2006
“a new socialist countryside”
a system of choosing cadres from lower levels of the party hierarchy for advancement based on their loyalty and contributions to the well-being of the party
nomenklatura
not allowed in China until the 1990s; some examples include environmental and ping-pong groups
NGOs
Under this policy, Hong Kong is subject to Chinese rule but continues to enjoy “a high degree of autonomy,” meaning that it maintains its capitalist system, legal system, and ways of life.
one country, two systems
the political structure of China made up of the CCP, the state, and the PLA
parallel hierarchies
officials who investigate and prosecute official crimes were recreated from earlier days, and they have played a role in Hu Jintao’s crackdown on corruption within the Communist Party
procuratorate
made up of more than 2.3 million; 10 of 12 leaders are official officers while the other 2 are the president and vice president
People’s Liberation Army
legislative branch in China
People’s National Congress
Central Committee meetings are called _____; the gathering of the political elites, and from their midst are chosen the Politburo and the Standing Committee
plenums
25 members and right below the Standing Committee in terms of power
Politburo
made up of 7 - They meet in secret, and their membership reflects the balance of power among factions and the relative influence of different groups in policymaking.
Standing Committee
It included urban co-ops, service organizations, and rural industries that largely operate as capitalist enterprises. Today this system of state-controlled
private businesses is sometimes called “bamboo capitalism.”
“private business”
Instead of relying on the elite to give directions, people under Maoist rule were encouraged to rely on their own talents to contribute to their communities
self-reliance
the economic system and model of economic development employed in the People’s Republic of China. The system is a market economy with the predominance of public ownership and state-owned enterprises.
socialist market economy
In these regions, foreign investors were given preferential tax rates and other incentives.
Special economic Zones (SEZs)
when the state controls the interest groups
state corporatism
early Nationalist Party leader in China that would have been a great leader, but was defeated by Mao and the CCP
Sun Yat-sen
people with technical training who climbed the ladder of the party bureaucracy, led the party to increasingly
technocrats
rural factories and businesses that vary greatly in size, and are run by local government and private entrepreneurs
township and village enterprises (TVEs)
phrase related to the PRC and Taiwan
“Two Chinas”
…began with protesters demanding greater citizen input in elections than Beijing would allow
“Umbrella Revolution”
new CCP members are usually recruited from this large group
Youth League
