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AP Comp Gov > Unit One: Concepts for Comparison > Flashcards

Unit One: Concepts for Comparison Flashcards

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1
Q

a term that applies to countries that have a long history of democracy that has stabilized as the established form of government, high degree of legitimacy and social capital

A

advanced democracy

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2
Q

a political regime where a small group of individuals exercises power over the state without being constitutionally responsible to the public

A

authoritarian regime

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3
Q

two-house legislature

A

bicameral legislatures

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4
Q

one-house legislature

A

unicameral legislatures

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5
Q

head of government exercises almost complete control
over their (bureaucratic) activities

A

bureaucratic authoritarian regimes

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6
Q

consist of agencies that generally implement government policy. They usually are a part of the executive branch of government.

A

bureaucracy

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7
Q

several parties join forces and are represented in different cabinet posts.

A

cabinet coalition

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8
Q

a correlation in which a change in one variable results in a change in others

A

causation

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9
Q

a system of governance in which divisions of government can restrain the political authority of other divisions

A

checks & balances

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10
Q

Guarantees of personal freedoms that government cannot restrict without due process

A

civil liberties

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11
Q

the way that citizens organize and define themselves and their interests to the ways that the formal government operates

A

civil society

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12
Q

when every dispute aligns the same groups against each other - likely more explosive

A

coinciding cleavages

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13
Q

divide society into many potential groups that may conflict on one issue but cooperate on another - tend to keep social conflict at moderate levels

A

crosscutting cleavages

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14
Q

an economic/political system in which government decisions rather than markets determine resource use and output

A

command economies

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15
Q

based on tradition, past practices, and legal precedents set by the courts through interpretations of statutes, legal legislation, and past rulings

A

common law

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16
Q

based on a comprehensive system
of written rules (codes) of law divided into commercial, civil, and criminal codes

A

code law

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17
Q

In these regimes, the party controls everything from the government to the economy to social life

A

communism

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18
Q

regular, free, and fair elections

A

competitive elections

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19
Q

spreads the power among many sub-units (such as states), and has a weak central government

A

confederal system

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20
Q

citizens are sharply divided, often on both the legitimacy of the regime and its solutions to major problems

A

conflictual political culture

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21
Q

Although citizens may disagree on
some political processes and policies, they tend generally to agree on how decisions are made, what issues should be addressed, and
how problems should be solved.

A

consensual political culture

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22
Q

tend to see change as disruptive, and they emphasize the fact that it sometimes brings unforeseen outcomes

A

conservatism

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23
Q

serve to defend democratic principles of a country against infringement by both private citizens and the government are a
much more recent phenomenon

A

constitutional courts

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24
Q

the means a regime uses to get support from its citizens

A

co-optation

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25
Q

an arrangement in which government officials interact with people/groups outside the government before they set policy

A

corporatism

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26
Q

are an indication that causality may be present; they do not necessarily indicate causation (ex: An example of positive correlation would be height and weight. Taller people tend to be heavier. A negative correlation is a relationship between two variables in which an increase in one variable is associated with a decrease in the other.)

A

correlation

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27
Q

a universal political order that draws its identity and values from everywhere – is emerging

A

cosmopolitanism

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28
Q

The military rule usually begins with a _____, a forced takeover of the government. The coup may or may not have widespread support among the
people.

A

coup d’état

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29
Q

all institutions and many people participate, so democracy penetrates political parties, the judiciary, and the bureaucracy. The military, too, cooperates with political leaders and subordinates its will to the democratically-based government.

A

democratic consolidation

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30
Q

democracy in which citizens get a say in the policies being made

A

direct democracy

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31
Q

This process of limiting the power of the
state over private property and market forces is commonly referred to as ____

A

economic liberalization

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32
Q

Rules that decide how votes are
○ Cast
○ Counted
○ Translated into seats in a legislature

A

electoral systems

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33
Q

those who hold political power – without much input from citizens

A

elites

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34
Q

based on facts and stats

A

empirical data

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35
Q

often confused with communism because they both devalue the idea of individual freedom - permit the continued private ownership of property, at least by elites - reject the value of equality, and accepts the idea that people and groups exist in degrees of inferiority and superiority

A

facism

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36
Q

divides the power between the central government and sub-units, and regional bodies have significant powers, such as taxation, lawmaking, and
keeping order

A

federal system

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37
Q

The United States, India, and Great Britain use a system called _____, in which they divide their constituencies into single-member districts in which candidates compete for a single representative’s seat.

A

first-past-the-post (plurality)

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38
Q

states make direct investments from out of state

A

foreign direct investment

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39
Q

divisions based on ethnic and culture

A

fragmentation

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40
Q

rates people’s access to political rights and civil liberties; 1 to 7
freedom scale, with countries given a 1 being the most free

A

Freedom House ratings

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41
Q

a mathematical formula that measures the amount of economic inequality in a society

A

Gini Index

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42
Q

the process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence or start operating on an international scale

A

globalization

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43
Q

measures all the goods and services produced by a country’s economy in a given year, excluding income citizens earned outside the country

A

GDP

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44
Q

measures all the goods and services produced by a country’s economy in a given year, including income citizens earned outside the country

A

GNP

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45
Q

divides GNP by population

A

GNP per capita

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46
Q

a reference to the leadership and institutions that make policy decisions for a country

A

government

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47
Q

a role that deals with the everyday tasks of running the government

A

head of government

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48
Q

a role that symbolizes power and
nature of the regime

A

head of state

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49
Q

a speculative statement about the relationship between two or more factors

A

hypothesis

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50
Q

are like liberal democracies except they lack in other areas such as competitive elections

A

illiberal democracies

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51
Q

variable that creates/manipulates change

A

independent variable

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52
Q

caused or influenced by another factor/variable

A

dependent variable

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53
Q

Economic development and modernization theory. Industrialization was seen by many theorists as a driver of democratization. …
Inequality and democracy. …
Natural resources. …
Values and religion. …
Education. …
Social capital and civil society. …
Elite-opposition negotiations and contingency. …
Elite-driven democratization.

A

indications of democratization

54
Q

type of democratic government in which voters choose delegates to create the laws of government on their behalf

A

indirect democracy

55
Q

takes into account not only the way politicians operate outside their formal powers, but also the impact that the beliefs, values, and actions of ordinary citizens have on policy-making.

A

informal politics

56
Q

vote on policy initiated by the people; must propose an issue for a nationwide vote and its organizers must collect a certain number of supporting signatures from the public

A

initiative

57
Q

stable, long-lasting organizations that help
to turn political ideas into policy. Common examples of institutions are bureaucracies, legislatures, judicial systems, and political parties

A

institutions

58
Q

a process that encourages states to pool their sovereignty in order to gain political, economic, and social clout.

A

integration

59
Q

more autonomy; These autonomous
groups compete with each other and with the government for influence
over state policies in a pattern

A

interest group pluralism

60
Q

the mechanism that allows courts to review laws and executive actions for their constitutionality

A

judicial review

61
Q

General belief that the gov’t has the right to rule and exercise authority (popular acceptance of authority)

A

legitimacy

62
Q

may also be called substantive democracies where citizens have access to multiple sources of information

A

liberal democracies

63
Q

roots in 19th century Europe, where
its proponents supported both political and economic freedoms

A

liberalism as a political ideology

64
Q

supports reform and gradual change rather than revolution

A

liberalism as an approach to economic and political change

65
Q

groups that connect the government to its citizens, such as political parties, interest groups, and print and electronic media.

A

linkage institutions

66
Q

an economy that limits government interference and promotes private property

A

market econmies

67
Q

the term that describes the state’s re-creation of a market in which property, labor, goods, and services can all function in a competitive environment to determine their value.

A

marketization

68
Q

non-democratic rule; usually begins with a coup d’état

A

military rule

69
Q

in between a command and market economy

A

mixed economies

70
Q

○ Combines first past the post & proportional
○ Some # of seats are single-member & some are proportional

A

mixed electoral system

71
Q

electoral districts that send two or more members to a legislative chamber

A

multi-member districts

72
Q

electoral district represented by a single officeholder

A

single-member districts

73
Q

They usually arise in countries with strong parliamentary systems, particularly those that use a proportional representation method for elections.

A

multi-party system

74
Q

a group of people bound together by a common political identity

A

nation

75
Q

the sense of belonging and identity that distinguishes one nation from
another

A

nationalism

76
Q

issues that require value judgments

A

normative questions

77
Q

citizens vote for legislative representatives, who in turn select the leaders of the executive branch

A

parliamentary system

78
Q

The array of political parties operating in a particular country and the nature of the relationships among them

A

party system

79
Q

political supporters received jobs in return for their assistance in getting the president elected

A

patronage

80
Q

a system in which the state provides specific benefits or favors to a single person or small
group in return for public support.

A

patron-client system

81
Q

A non-binding vote to gauge public opinion on an issue (essentially a large public poll)

A

plebiscite

82
Q

a situation in which power is split among many groups that compete for the chance to influence the government’s decision-making (basic principle of democracy)

A

pluralism

83
Q

refers to the collection of political beliefs,
values, practices, and institutions that the government is based on

A

political culture

84
Q

a citizen’s capacity to understand and influence political events

A

political efficacy

85
Q

those who hold political power – without much input from citizens

A

political elites

86
Q

addresses the problem of individuals and interest groups having conflicting goals or agendas

A

political frameworks

87
Q

sets of political values held by individuals regarding the basic goals of government and politics (ex: liberalism, communism, socialism, fascism, religions)

A

political ideologies

88
Q

Increasing citizen rights and liberties; Minimizing government supervision of society/individuals.

A

political liberalization

89
Q

Civil liberties refer to the promotion of freedom, whereas civil rights usually refer to the promotion of equality. Although the two
concepts overlap, the protection of _____ usually implies that the government should be proactive in promoting
them

A

political rights

90
Q

How do citizens learn about politics
in their country? Do electronic and print media shape their learning? Does the government put forth effort to politically educate their citizens? If so, how much of their effort might you call “propaganda”? How do children learn about politics?

A

political socialization

91
Q

religion mixing/influencing politics

A

politicization of religion

92
Q

In this type of democracy, the roles of
head of state and head of government are given to one person the president. This central figure is directly elected by the
people and serves as the chief executive within a system of checks and balances between the legislative and executive
(and sometimes judicial) branches

A

presidential system

93
Q

the transfer of state-owned property to private ownership

A

privatization

94
Q

another term for illiberal democracies

A

procedural democracy

95
Q

voters cast their ballots for a party rather than for a candidate, and the percentage of votes a party receives determines how many seats the party will gain in the legislature.

A

proportional representation

96
Q

a figure like GNP, except that it takes into consideration what people can buy using their income from the local
economy

A

purchase power parity (PPP)

97
Q

is a belief that rapid, dramatic changes need to be made in the existing society, often including the political system. Radicals usually think that the current system cannot
be saved and must be overturned and replaced with something better

A

radicalism

98
Q

they want to turn back the clock to an earlier era, and reinstate political, social, and economic institutions that once existed; willing to use violence

A

reactionary beliefs

99
Q

identifying future leaders
of the government

A

recruitment of elites

100
Q

A ballot called by the government
on a policy, issue is called a

A

referendum

101
Q

a type of change that does not advocate the overthrow of basic institutions. Instead, reformers want to change some of the methods that political and economic leaders use to reach goals that society generally accepts.

A

reform

102
Q

The rules that a state sets and follows in exerting its power are referred
to collectively as a

A

regime

103
Q

involves either a major revision or an overthrow of existing institutions

A

revolution

104
Q

Political discontent is generally fueled if the crisis is preceded by a period of relative improvement in the standard of living, a condition called the

A

revolution of rising expectations

105
Q

provides for equal treatment of citizens and
due process

A

rule of law

106
Q

political scientist - “third wave” of democratization

A

Samuel Huntington’s “clash of civilizations”

107
Q

where a prime minister coexists with
a president who is directly elected by the people and who holds a significant degree of power.

A

semi-presidential system

108
Q

between branches ensures that they share power and that one branch does not come to dominate the others

A

separation of powers

109
Q

boundaries and separation caused by various forms of cleavage

A

social boundaries

110
Q

amount of reciprocity and trust that exists among citizens, and between citizens and the state

A

social capital

111
Q

Religion, ethnic groups, race, and social and economic class that creates divisions

A

social cleavages

112
Q

refer to organized collective activities that aim to bring about or resist fundamental change in an existing group or society. Social movements try to influence political leaders to make policy decisions that support their goals

A

social movements

113
Q

accept and promote private ownership but also put emphasis on central government

A

socialism

114
Q

where interest groups take the lead and dominate the state

A

societal corporatism (neo)

115
Q

the ability to carry out actions or policies within their borders independently from interference either from the inside or
the outside

A

sovereignty

116
Q

or countries

A

state

117
Q

where the state determines which groups are brought in

A

state corporatism

118
Q

Such activities are obeying laws, following military orders and paying taxes (obedience)

A

subject activities

119
Q

another name for liberal democracies

A

substantive democracy

120
Q

the process that determines the procedure
for replacing leaders when they resign, die, or are no longer effective

A

succession

121
Q

In these Latin American countries, a military regime formed a ruling coalition that included military officers and civilian bureaucrats, or _____.

A

technocrats

122
Q

The “first wave” developed gradually over time; the “second wave” occurred after the Allied victory in World War II, and continued until the early 1960s. This second wave was characterized by de-colonization around the globe. The third wave is characterized by
the defeat of dictatorial or totalitarian rulers in South America, Eastern Europe, and some parts of Africa. The recent political turnover in Mexico may be interpreted as part of this “third wave” of democratization

A

waves of democratization

123
Q

economically underdeveloped and deprived states/areas

A

third world

124
Q

(Old Approach)
○ 1 - U.S. and its allies (NATO)
○ 2 - Soviet Union and its allies
□ Collapsed in 1991, Russia maintains relations
○ 3 - Third World Nations
Economically deprived & Underdeveloped

A

three-world approach

125
Q

a high centralized regime that possesses some form of strong ideology that seeks to transform and absorb aspects of the state, society, and the economy.
○ Much more negative connotation than authoritarian ○ Very repressive ○ Use violence/terror

A

totalitarianism

126
Q

The government cracks down on unrecognized groups, such as the
religious organization, Falon Gong, so that they are either forced underground or out of existence.

A

“transmission belt”

127
Q

“see through”; the government is visible to the citizens to a certain extent

A

transparency

128
Q

caused by the plurality system over time

A

two-party system

129
Q

when the minorities POV gets overlooked due to a majority ruling

A

tyranny of the majority

130
Q

one that concentrates all policymaking powers in one central geographic place,
and the central government is responsible for most policy areas

A

unitary systems

AP Comp Gov (5 decks)

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