Unit Test Period 5

Question 1

Muhammad

Answer 1

Muhammad was thought of as the final prophet that received revelations straight from Gabriel the angel. He was a leader of the Muslim community.

Question 2

Mecca

Answer 2

Muhammad was born in Mecca and is the sight of his first revelation. When Muslims pray five times a day they pray in the direction of Mecca. Mecca is also the final definition of the hajj that many Muslims take throughout their lives.

Question 3

Medina

Answer 3

Medina is where Muhammad fled after hostile people in Mecca threatened to kill Muhammad. When Muhammad died he was buried in Medina making it the second most holy place to the religion.

Question 4

Five Pillars

Answer 4

The first pillar says to recognize Allah as the only god and Muhammad as his messenger. The second asks the followers to pray five times a day in the direction of Mecca. The third states that a portion of an individual’s income should go to help the needy. The fourth asks the follower to refrain from eating, drinking, and sexual activity while the sun is up in the month of Ramadan. The final pillar states that if someone has the necessary resources they should take a pilgrimage to Mecca. These pillars are the obligations, which a Muslim must follow that were discussed between Gabriel and Muhammad.

Question 5

Jihad

Answer 5

Jihad is an act of violence against non-Muslims that is considered a holy war. Muslims in the modern world use this word to show how individuals are striving to spread the teachings of Islam.

Question 6

Quran

Answer 6

sacred text of islam

Question 7

Hadith

Answer 7

record of what Muhammad said in his teachings

Question 8

Caliph

Answer 8

A caliph is a successor to a political or religious leader in the Islamic world.

Question 9

Sunnis

Answer 9

The Sunnis are the larger of the Islamic groups that came together after Ali died. Sunnis translates to “people of custom and the community.” They believe the leader of Islam should be selected based on agreement. They also think that the only genuine claims to succession are through the male line

Question 10

Shiites

Answer 10

The Shi’ites are the party of Ali, who support Ali’s claim to follow Muhammad. They also believe the grandchildren born to Ali and Fatima should be able to lead the community. The opposing views caused a lot of conflict.

Question 11

Umayyad Caliphate

Answer 11

A member of the Umayyad clan unified the Muslim Community in 661. Then, in 680, after he died, Ali’s son Husain tried to become caliph, but instead Muaqiya’s son fought him for the position. The Umayyads built a Great Mosque in Damascus on the location of the church that contained the relics from John the Baptist.

Question 12

Abbasid Caliphate

Answer 12

The Abbasid caliphate is a dynasty of rulers that reigned from 750-1258. These rulers were in power from Baghdad of the united empire, until it broke apart in 945. After the empire fragmented the leaders continued as religious figures until the Abbasid caliph was killed by the Mongols in 1258.

Question 13

Translation Movement

Answer 13

The translation movement is the effort of the united Islamic Scholars, from 750 to 1000, who were living in Baghdad, to translate books written in ancient Greek, Sanskrit, and Persian to Arabic, about astronomy, medicine, mathematics, and geography.

Question 14

Astrolabe

Answer 14

Tools used for computing for the purpose of estimating one’s location on earth to the direction of Mecca, in order to pray in that direction. This was one of the first hand-held mathematical calculators.

Question 15

Iqta Grant

Answer 15

A grant given to someone that promised to collect taxes from a designated region and supposed to give the caliph, who grants the permission, a designated amount of money. People holding grants were rulers of their regions and military governors, which the caliph had little control over.

Question 16

Ibn Jubayr

Answer 16

Ibn Jubayr was a Spanish courtier from Granada, Spain, who completed the pilgrimage to Mecca over the course of two years, from 1183-1185.

Question 17

Ibn Battuta

Answer 17

The book called The Travels, or in Arabic rihla, tells about the experience of going on the hajj pilgrimage. traveler and scholar, visited most of the Islamic World and published a book about his travels that is still read today

Question 18

hajj

Answer 18

pilgrimage to Mecca

Question 19

Ulama

Answer 19

Scholars who studied the Quran, the hadith, and legal texts that taught classes, preached, and heard legal disputes. These individuals were not required to take special vows and were allowed to marry and have families.

Question 20

Feudalism

Answer 20

social system of Europe during the dark ages where people stuck in their position

Question 21

structure of society

Answer 21

King
Lord
Vassals
Peasants or Serfs

Question 22

how dark were they

Answer 22

in Europe there was little progression in technology and they did not even have the basic plumbing that Roman empire had, but in the Islamic world empires were thriving with the inventions of new technologies, abundance of natural resources, and global trade

Question 23

Germanic tribes

Answer 23

Families of the Germanic tribes were made up of a father, who lead the family and was married to multiple women, children, and their slaves. Families were ranked highly in society based on the amount of cows they had, since cattle was the staple product of their economy. People were bound to slavery often as a result of being captives of war. Extended families, held together by the men and women of the original families, created a bond referred to as kingships. Soldiers respected their leaders and always followed them in hopes that one day they would be rewarded.

• patriarchal
• more than one wife
• no strong organization
• organized by family
• war-bands

Question 24

Charlemagne

Answer 24

Charlemagne was a germanic war leader that fought in key battles and was an emperor, showing more organization, and created schools

Question 25

Pope Urban

Answer 25

concerned about threat of Turkish armies, seeking control, wants to capture Jerusalem. Calls for crusades in which most people were peasants
In 1096 head to Constantinople
told the people that if they died during these journeys all their sins would be forgiven

Question 26

*First Crusade

Answer 26

1095- the christians were successful in their attempt to conquer Jerusalem

Question 27

*Fourth Crusade

Answer 27

1202- peasants faced a lot of delay, ultimately unsuccessful

Question 28

Jerusalem

Answer 28

a land that many different religions find to be their holy land and the source of many battles including the crusades

Question 29

motivations of crusades

Answer 29

the religions thought that they were justified by god to kill others in order to obtain jerusalem, because ultimately god wanted them to have that land

Question 30

successes/ failures/ impacts of crusades

Answer 30

first one was a success, fourth failed, long term unsuccessful, caused more tension in the long run

Question 31

How did the Black death spread

Answer 31

first spread across the silk road then brought into europe by a trade ship. believed that rats carried the disease. people continued to go to work when they were sick because they were desperate for money, which caused the disease to spread even more

Question 32

social aspects of the black death

Answer 32

upper class people were able to lock themselves inside their homes and stay away from the sick so they had a smaller likelihood of catching the illness

Question 33

political and economic impact of the black death

Answer 33

the amount people were getting paid decreased and strikes were held causing a major plummet in the economy

Question 34

Ghana

Answer 34

During the Ghana empire, the people of the south rainforest traded their gold in order to get the salt that they needed from other areas. In addition to gold and salt, the empire also traded leather, metal goods, slaves, honey, tools, livestock, horses, textiles, and jewelry. The leaders of trade across the Sahara desert were Muslims.

Question 35

Mali

Answer 35

According to oral tradition, Sundiata overthrew Sumanguru, the leader harsh leader of the Ghana Empire, during a battle on the plain of Krina. Once Sundiata and his successors were in power, the empire expanded very far beyond the original territory of Ghana and may have even been the largest empire, in land size, of its time with an exception of the Mongols. Like Ghana, Mali also took advantage of its location covering the salt and gold mines. They also added a tax onto traded goods to add wealth to the empire, which helped form an army.

Question 36

Islam in Mali

Answer 36

Unlike the Ghana Empire, the faith of Islam spread to more people in Mali, probably because of King Musa, the most famous ruler of Mali. After Musa made a pilgrimage to Mecca with 60,000 people and camels carrying gold. The amount of gold the Musa spent in Cairo caused a decrease in the value for a decade after his visit. People were attracted to the story of his pilgrimage, which in turn attracted attention to Mali, resulting in an increase of trade with Mali and the rest of the world.

Question 37

Sonni Ali

Answer 37

Many people did not like the ruler Sonni Ali, because of his modified Islam practices, which were a combination of Songhai traditional religion and Islam. Sonni Ali expanded his leadership to Gao, to include most of the area formerly controlled by Mali, and more. His army was very large and even had a “navy” that was responsible for patrolling the rivers in West Africa. When things were threatening the strength of his empire, Sonni Ali diplomatically negotiated conflicts at hand.

Question 38

Trade in Africa

Answer 38

salt and gold found in mines, camels allowed for farther trade, also slave trade

Question 39

griot

Answer 39

keepers of oral history in Mali

Question 40

Mansa Musa

Answer 40

wealthy leader took the hajj

Question 41

Indian ocean- what was traded

Answer 41

cotton, textiles, iron, porcelain, salt, gold, ideas, math skills

Question 42

where and how

Answer 42

on boats from the mediterranean, middle east, north and east africa, india, china

Question 43

monsoon winds

Answer 43

controlled when and where ships could travel

Question 44

Zheng He

Answer 44

treasure fleet a bunch of voyages

Question 45

Constantinople

Answer 45

capital of Rome, stuck during a crusade waiting for money then burnt city down

Question 46

patriarch

Answer 46

father leader in Roman and European societies