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Exam Review Flashcards

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1
Q

Kennewick Man

A

The earliest human remains found in America. He gave evidence to archaeologists that humans were in America earlier than they had originally thought

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2
Q

First Hominids

A

Early hominids came from the same ancestor as chimpanzees. They originated in Africa. Earliest hominids were australopithecus (about 2.5 million years ago) and then later they evolved into the Homo species which has many branches.

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3
Q

Theory of Evolution

A

Charles Darwin first had a theory of evolution. He thought that animals adapted based on the things that worked and allowed them to survive more. The fittest would survive while the weakest would die. Over long periods of time species progressed keeping the better traits and eliminating the weaker traits.

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4
Q

Hominids

A

a word in reference to all humans and their ancestors. They have two legs, bigger brains than chimps, use tools, and can build fires

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5
Q

Lucy/ Australopithecus

A

Luce was the earliest hominid that has ever been found. She was in Ethiopia living around 3.5 million years ago. Her knee could lock, which told scientists that she could stand upright. Her face was still shaped like an ape, her brain was small, and she could not make tools

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6
Q

Paleolithic Period

A

“The old stone age” 2.5 million years ago until 8000 BCE. Innovations such as tool-making started off during this time period

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7
Q

Agriculture

A

allowed people to remain in one place, domestication of plants and animals, women would have more children quicker because they needed them to work on the farm. people ate one crop instead of a variety. no longer a need for hunting and gathering

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8
Q

Neolithic Period

A

after the old stone age– difference is the addition of agriculture

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9
Q

Homo Naledi

A

discovered recently in South Africa; shows early burial rituals; found in a cave, lived 1.78-1.95 million years ago; small brains, near species split, human-like feet, hand/ fingers curved for climbing

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10
Q

Homo Habilis

A

larger brain; smaller face and teeth than australopithecus; long arms and protruded face; East and South Africa; 2.4 million - 1.4 million years ago

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11
Q

Homo Erectus

A

1.9 million years ago; greater mobility, control fire, double brain size of early hominids

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12
Q

Settlement of major continents

A

originated in Africa; moved to Eurasia and had reached Israel by 100,000 BCE; 60,000 years ago Homo Sapiens reached Australia, arrived in America 10,000-14,000 BCE

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13
Q

Beringia

A

land bridge that hominids crossed to get into North America; took 50,000 years to reach the Americas

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14
Q

Carbon 14 Dating

A

uses an isotope of carbon to test how long ago something was alive. can test things up to about 60,000 years ago. used to test hominid remains in South america

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15
Q

Stratigraphy

A

Stated that those artifacts and remains found on the upper layer were younger and more new than the ones below it

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16
Q

Neanderthal

A

thicker bones, longer skulls, protruded and differently shaped face– lived in caves of Europe about 100,000-25,000BCE

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17
Q

Creation Myths

A

various belief systems and religions have their own belief on how the world was created and human species started. this gave people a sense of where they came from. most stories had a god and nature

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18
Q

Monte Verde

A

location where they found an entire village with animal hides and tools many things that usually don’t last over time. They did not perish because of the soil they were beneath. They show what the society did, ate, and other habits like hunting

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19
Q

Clovis Spear

A

spears found all across Americas that were made by the clovis people. these show evidence of the animals that were hunted and the communities that were formed around the continent.

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20
Q

The big Bang

A

around 13.7 billion years ago when the universe was formed

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21
Q

when was the solar system formed?

A

4.5 billion years ago

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22
Q

when did the oceans form

A

4 billion years ago

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23
Q

when did the single celled organisms form

A

3.5 billion years ago

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24
Q

when did the multi-celled organisms that could breathe form?

A

600 million years ago

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25
Q

when did the dinosaurs live?

A

100 million years ago

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26
Q

when did the mammals flourish

A

65 million years ago

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27
Q

when did the common ancestor slit take place?

A

6-7 million years ago

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28
Q

When did the hominids leave africa?

A

1.8 million years ago

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29
Q

complex society

A

acknowledged by elements of GSPRITE— geography, social, political, religion, intellectual, technology, and economics; must have written language, certain population size, government organization, specialized labor, social stratification, religion

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30
Q

city-state

A

an independent state that is a city surrounded by more territory

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31
Q

Catalhoyuk

A

means between rivers– in the Mediterranean; 5000 people lived there in 6000 BCE; showed social stratification– all different sized homes and burials

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32
Q

Mesopotamia

A

Rivers: tigris and Euphrates;
Geo conditions: walled city, irrigation, city-states; Written language: cuneiform on clay tablets; Sargon of Akkad unified Mesopotamia;
key texts: gilgamesh/ hammurabi’s code; Government: Kings are between gods and earth, Babylonian empire; Religion: polytheistic, afterword, king was like a god, ziggurats,
Family: marriage was a contract, women were entitled to some of their parents money and adultery was punishable with death

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33
Q

Hammurabi’s code

A

Babylonian empire, very strict rules, explained how various actions would be punished in detail

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34
Q

Cuneiform

A

written language of mesopotamia written on clay tablets– means wedge-shaped

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35
Q

Gilgamesh

A

the king of Mesopotamia that was written about in an epic showing social stratification and written language

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36
Q

empire

A

a group of states that are under one supreme control

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37
Q

ur

A

in Sumer– ruled over in the Akkadian Empire; complex society; seal from indus was found showing trade

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38
Q

Egypt

A

Pharaohs (god-kings), silt and flooding, Nile, Hieroglyphs (pictorial and phonetic), papyrus, book of the dead, afterlife, pyramids, matrilineal,

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39
Q

Book of the Dead

A

would recite to Osiris upon death to grant ticket to the afterworld proving themselves to have been a good person during their life.

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40
Q

Papyrus

A

made from the inside of reeds, main material hieroglyphs were written on (perished over time)

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41
Q

Pharaoh

A

god-kings that were entitled to anything they wanted, buried in pyramids, had lots of gold, were in charge of religion

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42
Q

Hieroglyphs

A

pictorial and phonetic written language of Egypt

43
Q

Hatshepsut

A

first female pharaoh of egypt

44
Q

Indus River Valley

A

a society on the Indus and Ganges rivers near the himalayas; had monsoons; sanskrit; Rig Veda; Rajas/ kings, Varna Scale, Dharma, almost gender equality,

45
Q

Rig Veda

A

a collection of hymns

46
Q

Sanskrit

A

written language mostly written on palm leaves, has not been decoded

47
Q

Vedic Religion

A

believed humans had an impact on nature and the smooth transitions from one thing to the next, polytheistic

48
Q

Nomads

A

people roaming from place to place not having a settled or specific home

49
Q

Huang He River Valley

A

On the Huang He and the Yangtze Rivers, Chinese, Oracle Bones, Sima Qian’s book, Mandate of Heaven, Dynasties, men>women,

50
Q

Shang Dynasty

A

origins of the written language– first surviving records

51
Q

Sima Qian

A

first written history book

52
Q

Zhou Dynasty

A

after the Shang– introduced mandate of heaven

53
Q

Oracle Bones

A

used to tell the future about kings through reading cracks. the findings were recorded on the bone

54
Q

Mandate of Heaven

A

signs were sent from heaven if the ruler was not right

55
Q

ancestor worship

A

mainly worshipped their ancestors, because they believed that they had an impact on the modern events on earth

56
Q

Hinduism

A

Indo-Aryan speaking pastoral peoples migrated from Inner Eurasia across the Khyber Pass

57
Q

Karma

A

if people behaved well they would be rewarded by moving up a caste in their next life and if they were not well behaved they would move down in their next life

58
Q

Varna

A

the hindi word for the hierarchy of castes in the Hindu religion

59
Q

Caste System

A

Brahmins (priestly families), Kshatriyas (governing families), Vaishyas (farmers, herders, merchants, and artisans), Shudras (manual labor), Outcastes (jobs like garbage clean up and cremation)

60
Q

Judaism

A

based on the Torah given to the Jewish people by their god

61
Q

Monotheism

A

one god

62
Q

Abraham

A

one of the Jewish fathers of Judaism

63
Q

Buddhism

A

religion founded by Buddha based on suffering and desire

64
Q

Buddha/ Siddhartha Gautama

A

saw a sick person and a dead person and felt suffering. Decided to follow the path of a holy person to end suffering. He thought that if he followed the Four Noble truths he would end suffering

65
Q

Ashoka

A

the emperor and model of kingship under buddhism

66
Q

Dharma

A

the right way to live based on Buddhism

67
Q

Nirvana

A

the place you reach when suffering is ended

68
Q

Confucianism

A

belief system started by Confucius about respect for parents

69
Q

Filial piety

A

respect for parents and those older or superior to themselves

70
Q

daoism

A

love of nature– yin and yang

71
Q

Qin Dynasty

A

start of legalism

72
Q

Legalism

A

strict order, meritocracy,

73
Q

Han Fei

A

started the belief in legalism

74
Q

Han China

A

after Qin, believed in both legalism and confucianism. not as extreme as before

75
Q

Imperial Academy/ exam

A

an exam that encouraged people to learn about confucianism

76
Q

Ban Zhao: Lesson for Women

A

the right roles of women– to live under the control of men; told them how to act

77
Q

Satrap

A

the principal government of the Persian empire

78
Q

Darius

A

3rd ruler of Achaemenid; killed for kingship

79
Q

Cyrus

A

Founder of the Achaemenid empire

80
Q

Zoroastrianism

A

religion that believed in the evil and good forces, worshipped fire, left dead to be eaten

81
Q

Lydian coins

A

monetary system of Persia one coin was worth a lot of money. money was as good as trading goods

82
Q

Herodotus

A

Greek author that wrote about Persia– biased

83
Q

Hellenization

A

The process by which societies, peoples, and places during Alexander’s rule became more Greek. Process of greek culture expanding

84
Q

Phoenicians

A

A seagoing who, around 900 BCE, expanded outward from their base on the Mediterranean coast of modern day Lebanon. Their alphabet, which used only letters with no pictorial symbols, is the ancestor of the Roman alphabet.

85
Q

Greco-Persian Wars

A

The first important Athenian victory came at the battle of Marathon in 490 BCE. Darius, the Persian ruler sent a force to punish the Athenians for supporting an uprising by the Greeks against the Persians. The Athenian forces (11,000 men) attacked the Persian army (25,000 men) while they were foraging for food and won. The Greeks defeated the Persians but had little impact on the Persian empire except to define its western edge.

86
Q

Athens

A

A city-state that was the cultural center of Greece.

87
Q

Sparta

A

A heavily militaristic state that was considered one of the most powerful city-states in Greece

88
Q

Socrates, Plato, Aristotle

A

philosophers of Greece that revolutionized education

89
Q

Patricians

A

the highest class in Rome, had a say in government and could make political decisions

90
Q

Plebeians

A

The lower class in Rome, were not active in government, had no say in decision making

91
Q

Roman republic *

A

Type of government where two elected consuls (representatives) rule and consult with
the Senate to make decisions (only patricians)

92
Q

Roman senate *

A

Rome’s governing body that was made up of appointed patricians, and later became an advisory body

93
Q

Punic wars

A

three different wars between the Rome and Carthage

94
Q

Carthage *

A

fought Rome in the Punic wars; A city in modern-day Tunisia founded by the Phoenicians, rival with Rome

95
Q

Hannibal

A

The leader over Carthage’s army during the second Punic War, who led his troops over the Alps into Rome but was defeated

96
Q

Paterfamilias

A

the men that were in charge of the entire family

97
Q

tax farmers

A

collected tax money and were allowed to keep the money the government did not want

98
Q

dictator

A

someone who declares themself as the ruler

99
Q

Julius Caesar

A

declared himself dictator for life was killed for not responding to the senators demands; 100-44 BCE, and he expanded the Roman Republic through wars in Europe, and he said that he was the dictator for life.

100
Q

Augustus *

A

Means “revered,” Octavian received that name from the Senate when he became princeps (first citizen) and established the monarchy that ruled the empire.

101
Q

Christianity

A

religion started by Jesus that included everyone

102
Q

Jesus

A

A jewish raised man that founded another religion known as christianity. he urged everyone to join no matter their social standing; crucified for his religions beliefs

103
Q

Sermon on the Mount

A

jesus preached from the mountain and allowed all to be there that wanted to be there

104
Q

Paul

A

travelled around after Jesus was crucified to different synagogues getting people to convert religions.

Global History (5 decks)

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