unit test 2

Question 1

fermented drinks: beer, wine, chicha(maize beer)

Answer 1

made by Indians in Caribbean and South America

Question 2

Manioc Beer

Answer 2

Tupi women making ouicous (a fermented yucca/cassava drink)

Question 3

American Indians and alcohol

Answer 3

-fermented drinks made by Indians
-used in North America for trade
-rum was Brought into Indian and African religious rituals

Question 4

Caribbean islands

Answer 4

-free women of color opened taverns in Jamaica
-Rachel Pringle known for serving British sailors and merchants
-upper classes typically drank pricy imported drinks: wine and brandy

Question 5

slavery and rum

Answer 5

-rations were given to slaves as incentives
-rum grafted on to afro carribean rituals
-reality escape from slavery
“alcoholic marronage” basically a relief from slaves daily life
-produce from sugar cane & big profit source
-substitute for unhealthy water
-seamen helped spread taste for rum
-low prices made it popular in lower classes

Question 6

Mercantilism & War

Answer 6

-18th century mercantile regulations promoted rum industry In British Caribbean
-Naviagtion acts & molasses act of 1733 (tax imposed on rum sugar molasses imported from nonbritish colonies)
-ban rum making in Spain colonies
-colbert exclusif system

Question 7

Sugar and molasses

Answer 7

                                            -sugarcane originated in Indonesia and spread to china -sugar and molasses were refined from cut cane - abundant rainfall, fertile soil, and slave labor made rapid sugar production in the new world -molasses is a by product of manufacture sugar

Question 8

William Hogarth, Beer street and Lane 1751

Answer 8

-showed the uncontrolled production and sale of cheap gin/ reduced gin shops
-gin and the negative effects it has when consumed in high quantities
-beer street, happy and healthy drinkers celebrate

Question 9

distilled spirit: brandy, gin, rum

Answer 9

-increased economic importance
-brandy= burnt wine
-gin= grain spirits flavored juniper berries
- mass produced spirits were a cheap source of intoxication and calories
-was upgraded to fermented drinks
-became a technological change

Question 10

The British east India company

Answer 10

-developed existing Indian opium production
-licensing systems in Bengal and malwa
-traded opium to china for tea, silk, porcelain
-opium generated 15% of India’s revenue

Question 11

Commissioner Lin Lexu

Answer 11

-emperor of china sent anti-opium hardliner Lin to enforce prohibition edict
-lin destroyed 1200 tons of British opium without offering compensation
-british opium trade defied Chinese edict
-treaty of nankin opened opium trade in china , made china pay fro last product and ceded Hong Kong to Britain

Question 12

poppy (papaver somniferum)

Answer 12

-opium poppy
-the plant from which opium and poppy seeds are from

Question 13

opium and laudanum

Answer 13

-a tincture of opium in alcohol
-used for pain, sleep, bowel movements, squalling babies, insomnia, deadly afflictions

Question 14

what were some important pre-modern medical uses of opium? Why was opium especially useful in densely populated urban areas?

Answer 14

Some important pre-modern medical use of opium were for pain relief, bowel problems, deadly afflictions, sleep, anxiety, boredom, and chronic fatigue. Opium was useful in densely populated areas bc it helped with issues they had. It was a form of medicine for them.Opium was more accepted over alcohol religious wise.

Question 15

how did Europeans view the effects of fermented versus distilled alcoholic drinks? when did distillation of alcohol become widely practiced in Europe and its colonial territories? In what region was rum produced? From what base was rum distilled? By what routes did it circulate to other regions?

Answer 15

Rum was produced in West Indies, Barbados. European view fermented drinks as a better substance than distilled alcohol. (gin and beer situation). It spreader to North America and west Africa.. Rum was distilled from suagr cane and molasses.

Question 16

How was opium usually consumed in China versus Great Britain? What was the legal
status of opium in nineteenth-century China? How did the opium trade lead to war
between Britain and China? What was the outcome of the First Opium War?

Answer 16

Opium was consumed in Britain’s medical wise. IN china it was consumed by smoking it. In the 19th-century opium use was illegal and banned. The opium trade led to war because Chinese citizens were becoming addicts so Chinese emperors banned It and cut off Britain’s trade. Britain and china went to war. Britain won and the treaty of Nanking came into place, china had to pay for destroyed products and cede Hong Kong.

Question 17

Where did the British East India Company produce most of its opium, and how did the
opium trade operate? How did the production and trade of opium serve the interests of
the British Empire? Why did British officials want to use opium instead of silver to pay
for Chinese tea?

Answer 17

The British east India Company produce most of its opium in Bengal and the opium trade was a monopoly. The production and trade of opium serve the interests of the British empire by allowing them to get other goods like tea, silk, and porcelain.They wanted to use opium to get the most out of their monopoly system.

Question 18

What impact did distilled spirits have on Native Americans? In which parts of the
Americas did excessive alcohol consumption become a problem and why those areas?
According to Peter Mancall, why have Native Americans disproportionately struggled
with alcoholism? How does Mancall address the question of biology/genetics versus
culture/society in relation to alcohol use among Native Americans?

Answer 18

Distilled spirits had a big impact on native Americans. It began a big issue within the community and created drinking problems. In Eastern North America excessive alcohol consumption occurred because that is were early colonizers resided in to trade. According to him. they struggled with alcoholism because it was a way to cope with their land being taken over. Mancall addresses the question by telling us that there is no genetic relation to alcohol among Native Americans. Genetics alone doesn’t determine how or why.

Question 19

What benefits did distilled spirits have over fermented drinks as a trade good? How did
mercantile trade policies work in the British, French, Spanish, and other early modern
empires? What was the relation between taxation of alcohol (along with other intoxicants
and stimulants) and smuggling?

Answer 19

Distilled spirits last longer than fermented drinks and didn’t spoil when going on long journeys.