quiz 4

Question 1

society for the suppression of the opium trade

Answer 1

• British and India-based transnational org that aimed to end the opium trade
  -held meetings, published a journal, and lobbied the House of Commons
  -dismissed the commission’s fall report, which refuted alarmist claims about opium
  -led to formation of the royal opium commission

Question 2

world women christian temperance movement

Answer 2

-promote abstinence from alcohol
-religious organization whose primary purpose was to combat the influence of alcohol on families and society

Question 3

rev. Charles Brent

Answer 3

-served as episcopal bishop of the Philippines )1902-1918)
-Brent toured East and Southeast Asia ad complied an opiate-control policy report
-lobbied for opium prohibition in the Philippines in 1905 (before any federal prohibition laws existed in the U.S
the Philippines is where opium became widespread

Question 4

dr. Hamilton wright

Answer 4

• American doctor and policymaker
  -served as chair of Shanghai opium commission (1909)
  -proposal for tax-stamp system of medical drug control and prohibition of recreational use (influenced by the Harrison narcotics act of 1914

Question 5

Shanghai opium commission (1909)

Answer 5

-U.S led w/ Brent and wright; set agenda for future conferences
-represented the first steps toward drug prohibition

Question 6

International conference at The Hague (1912)

Answer 6

-convened by the League of Nations
-added marijuana to the list of int’l drug control
-created the first international hard drug treaty

Question 7

geneva opium conventions (1924-25)

Answer 7

• under the League of Nations; east., opium advisory committee, import/export certificate system, restrictions on coca & Marijuana

Question 8

single convention on narcotic drugs (1961)

Answer 8

• under United Nations: int’l narcotics control board end to noted opiated, coca, and cannabis in 15-25 years; drug schedules
• controls the activity of specific narcotic drug

Question 9

establishment of drug schedules

Answer 9

1971/drugs presenting a high risk of abuse, posing a threat to public health
1. pose threat to public health with little to no therapeutic value (LSD,MDMA)
2.pose threat to public health with low or moderate value (dronabinol, amphetamines)
3. pose threat to public health which are moderate or high in therapeutic value (barbiturates, buprenorphine)
4. pose a threat to public heath with a high therapeutic value (tranquilizers, including diazepam)

Question 10

marijuana madness

Answer 10

• marijuana was seen as making people going crazy/insane

Question 11

Mexican immigrants

Answer 11

-marijuana spread via two routes: Mexican migrants in southwest CA (1900-1930)

Question 12

jazz musicians (Louis Armstrong, cab Calloway, etc)

Answer 12

-marijuana spread via two routes: black and bohemian jazz musicians took it(weed) to northern cities from New Orleans

Question 13

tea pads

Answer 13

-a place where smokers smoke

Question 14

harry Anslinger (and the federal bureau of narcotics)

Answer 14

-formed the federal bureau of Narcotics to enforce drug laws
-a response to corruption of law enforcement under prohibition
-was anointed as the FBN commissioner
-Anslinger took on a role of America’s first drug czar
-he launched a media campaign against marijuana “the marihuana menace”

Question 15

marijuana tax act (1937)

Answer 15

-drafted by Anslinger, the first federal law restricting marijuana
-it used the tax code to control drugs and outlaws numerical and nonindustrial cannabis
-stamps were expensive and aimed to prohibit rather than regulate cannabis
-the Ama opposed the bill due to the burden it placed on doctors and pharmacists

Question 16

Albert Hofmann

Answer 16

-discovered lsd
-accidentally ingested the substance that later became known as said
-didn’t discover its affects until 5 years later

Question 17

Humphrey Osmond

Answer 17

-known for inventing the word psychedelic and useful applications for psychedelic drugs
-a a psychiatrist doctor

Question 18

Timothy Leary

Answer 18

-believed that psychedelics can help us see things in the brain: similar to seeing microorganisms with a microscope
-believed hallucinogens held the key to revolutionizing society by revolutionizing individual consciousness
-believed that the right set and setting were needed to guide users of led toward higher consciousness

Question 19

Mk Ultra

Answer 19

• a program where the government tries to give lsd/drugs to do mind controlling on those who are potentially communist

Question 20

ken Kesey

Answer 20

-believed hallucinogens held the key to revolutionizing society by revolutionizing individual consciousness
-keseys acid test embraced a looser, more freewheeling approach to led

Question 21

the counterculture (aka hippies)

Answer 21

-hippies held a revolution of consciousness was needed for fundamental change to take hold
-Haight-Ashbury in SF became a Mecca for heads, freaks, and hippies across the country
-Haight-Ashbury became overcrowded with runaways and thrill seekers

Question 22

Charles Manson

Answer 22

• used LSD and cult of personality to brainwash his followers
  -a rise of the Manson murders

Question 23

establishment of drug schedule

Answer 23

1961
1. substances that are highly addictive and liable to abuse (cannabis, opium, heroin, methadone, cocaine, coca leaf)
2. substances that are less addictive and liable to abuse than those in schedule 1 (codeine, dextropropoxyphene)
3. preparations containing low amounts of narcotic drugs, unlikely to be abused and exempted from most of the control measures placed upon the drugs they contain (<2.5% codeine, <0.1% cocaine)
4. certain drugs also listens in schedule 1 with particularly dangerous properties and little or no therapeutic value (cannabis, heroin)

Question 24

how did US imperialism and international diplomacy influence domestic and international drug control? How did US occupation of the Philippines figure in this process? What are transnational moral entrepreneurs, and what role did they play in promoting prohibition?

Answer 24

US imperialism and international diplomacy influenced domestic and international drug control by putting a hold/ stop to what other countries could trade.
Transnational moral entrepreneurs are organizations that seek to maintain a norm. People who work to establish value-laden norms and moral standards. Moral entrepreneurs such as WCTU and anti- saloons league played a big role with putting a stop to alcohol consumption.

Question 25

How do we explain the early 20th century about face from drugs like opium and cocaine being widely produced distributed by major western powers to those same drugs being prohibited?what role did international diplomacy play in this process? what international institutions took the lead in regulating the international drug trade? what steps did they take to establish a uniform system of international drug control?

Answer 25

The international diplomacy played a role in this process by putting trying to ban drugs/drug trading in other countries. International institutions that took lead in regulating the international drug trade its The Geneva Opium Conventions. 1953 opium protocol, etc. The steps they took to establish a uniform system of international drug control was to make a drug schedule.

Question 26

how do we explain the early 20th-century view that marijuana smoking turned people into homicidal maniacs? how did marijuana use spread through the United States? how did it fit into cultural life in urban areas like New York and New Orleans? What role did Narcotics bureau chief harry Anslinger play in promoting marijuana prohibition?

Answer 26

Marijuana use spread through 2 routes in the United States (by Mexican migrants in CA and black musicians in New Orleans). It fits into cultural life in urban areas like New York by having hideout pads and smoke sessions.

Question 27

why did various groups become interested in psychedelics drugs like mescaline, psilocybin, and Lsd in the 1950s and 60s? What potential did psychiatrists, the CIA, and the hippie counterculture see in psychedelic drugs? What role did psychedelic gurus like Timothy Leary and Ken Kesey play in popularizing lsd? why did they and other members of the counterculture view psychedelic drugs as revolutionary? why did public opinion of psychedelics sour in the 1960s as lsd use spread widely among the younger generation

Answer 27

Various groups became interested in psychedelics drugs in the 1950s and 60s because of psychonauts ( who used hallucinogens to experiment with altered states of consciousness). The potential seen in drugs was reconditioning users’ minds to what they saw as fit ( whether it was peace and love, communism, or fixing the values of society). Timothy and Ken played a big role with popularizing lsd by trying to change individuals’ consciousness. They and other members viewed psychedelics as revolutionary because they believed that the hallucinogens from the drug were powerful. The public opinion of psychedelics soured in the 1960s because they did not believe drugs could bring change.

Question 28

How do we explain the 20th century about face from drugs like opium and cocaine being widely produced distributed by major Western powers to those same drugs being prohibited?

Answer 28

people began to have second thoughts about those drugs that were widely produced. Elites became concerned with drug abuse and decided to put restrictions on certain drugs. They believed it had negative effects such as Direct harm to innocent others, concern over social cost, and drug use endangers the future of the nation.

Question 29

what role did International diplomacy play in this process? What International institutions took the lead in regulating drug trade? What steps did they take to establish a uniform system of international drug control?

Answer 29

International diplomacy played a role in this process by getting all the countries to agree on drugs they should ban or restrict their citizens from using. The International institutions that took the lead in regulating drug trade are the Shanghai opium commission and the international conference at The Hague.

Question 30

How did governments control drugs before the rise of prohibition?

Answer 30

they would auction the rights to import or sell drugs during a fixed period to people and they taxed the import being sold.