Unit test 1: Flashcards
Do organisms within the same class have to be in the same order?
No, an animal can be in a different order even if they are the same type of animal
slime layer:
an extracellular material in a bacteria cell (can easily be removed)
capsule:
the outer “envelope” of a bacteria cell
plasmid:
Dna structure
nucleoid:
contains DNA. A nucleus like, irregular shaped region that stores most or all genetic info a prokaryotic cell
flagella:
tail like structure(s) that whip(s) around to propel the bacterium.
prokaryote:
no organelles. 1 circular chromosome
eukaryote:
a multi cellular organism, contains organelles
how does bacteria reproduce?
binary fission (cell division). Where a single cell divides into identical daughter cells and replicates
how do protists reproduce?
binary fission and sexual reproduction (conjugation)
What does the gram stain detect?
it detects the chemical makeup of the cell wallow bacteria. (the cell wall can stain (+) or (-) depending on its chemistry.
where in general do archaebacteria live?
very harsh conditions & extreme environments
reasons bacteria are helpful
they help decompose, antibiotics, ferment foods
lytic cycle:
- entry
- replication
- assembly
- release
- entry:
virus attaches to the cell and pulls DNA (RNA also)
- replication:
the cell starts making parts of the viruses
- assembly:
the assembling of viral particles
- release:
the cell bursts open and dies (due to lack of energy from making virus)
lysogenic cycle:
- injects
- replicate
- enters lytic cycle
- injects
phage DNA injects bacteria
- replicate
phage may replicate with bacterial DNA for many generations
- what happens when the lysogenic cycle goes to the lytic cycle?
many copies of phage’s protein coat and genetic material is produced.
- last stage of lysogenic cycle:
phages assemble and release when the bacterium cell wall lyses.
influenza:
spherical virus. aka the flu. causes symptoms
ebola:
deadly disease caused by an infection with one ebola virus species.
how do amoeba move:
using pseudopodia “false feet”. the cytoplasm flows forward to form a pseudopod and then evens back out.
how do ciliates move:
cilia
how do flagellates move:
with an extension called the flagella that whips around
most protists are single celled, why are they not classified as bacteria?
they are eukaryotes. protists have a nuclear membrane. bacteria is prokaryotic & do not have a nuclei. has different organelles
hyphae:
branching filaments that make up a mycelium
mycelium:
vegetative part consisting of networks of fine filaments (hyphae)
main productive structure of fugus:
mushroom
how are fungi useful?
decompose, important food ingredients (like yeast), alcohol, antibiotics,
how are fungi harmful?
decay food, kill plants with infection, athletes foot, lung problems, disease, allergies, ringworm
how are fungi different form plants?
do not have chloroplasts, cannot photosynthesize, heterotrophs, chitin cell wall (not cellulose)
2 adaptations of plants for living on land.
roots- provides stems with water and dissolved minerals (root growth supported by photo synth), -cuticle” prevents water loss
gymnosperm:
plant that has seeds unprotected by an ovary or fruit. (ex; conifers)
angiosperm:
plant that has flowers and produces seeds. (ex; most trees, grasses, shrubs)
why do plants produce seeds
to reproduce
why do plants produce flowers
to make seeds to further reproduce
why do plants produce fruit
they produce seed bearing fruit to encourage animals to eat the seeds and excrete them (they are already fertilized with faces)
3 features of a body plan
location of body structure, body cavities & tissues, symmetry
sponge:
asymmetrical, belongs to phylum porifera, intracellular digestion, lack tissue
jellyfish, `cnidaria:
radial symmetry, belongs to phylum cnidaria, `have nematocyst tissue
another name for coelom:
eucoelomates, body cavity
advantages of coelom:
more complex digestive system. between intestinal canal and body fluids. splitting of mesoderm
endoskeleton:
internal support structure (ex; bone, cartilage)
exoskeleton:
complex outer covering of an organism which protects muscles, soft tissue, and other important internal things. (ex: skin)
frog respiration:
when out of the water frog uses mucus glands in the skin keep frog moist and absorb oxygen from air. breathe > lungs exchange gas > skin (cutaneous exchange)
frog circulation:
3 heart chambers. receives deoxygenated blood through right and left receives oxygenated blood.
features all animals have in common:
eukaryotic, breath, reproduce, move
