unit one- renaissance Flashcards
renaissance
1400-1600
- intellectual basis was humanism
- “rebirth”
- derived from the rediscovery of classical Greek philosophy
- began in Florence
The High Renaissance
1450-1527
Isabella d’Este
- “first lady” of the Renaissance.
- major cultural/political figure from Mantua
- patron of the arts and fashion
- served briefly as leader in Mantua in the absence of her husband, went on diplomatic trips, etc.
Cosimo de Medici and his family
- The first of the Medici political dynasty in Florence
- power derived from immense wealth as a banker
- controlled gov by gaining support bc of banking
- remained citizens rather than monarchs.
Humanism
- revival of antiquity
- study of the classics
- system of thought attaching prime importance to human rather than divine or supernatural matters.
- Humanist stress the potential value and goodness of human beings, emphasize common human needs, and seek solely rational ways of solving human problems.
- SPIC- secularism, power, individualism, classics.
Who was affected by the Renaissance culture?
- 95% of Europeans were UNAFFECTED by the renaissance.
- Only the upper class, scholars, and artists were truly influenced by the changes.
Status of women
upper class- status declines
middle- no effect
low- no effect
Johannes Gutenberg
- Gutenberg aided in the creation of the printing press.
- used steel plates to carve the letters
- 1454-1456 (creation of printing press)
- brought about literacy, informed citizens, and the “secret politics” of the mind.
Renaissance Architecture key aspects
- balance
- domes
- columns
- symmetry
- proportion
modeled after classical greek and roman buildings.
Renaissance Art Key Aspects
- vivid, bright color
- perspective
- realism
- depth
- balance
- classical themes
John Wyclif
- one of the earliest opponents to papal authority- rebellious movement against papal authority
- anticlerical and biblical-centered reforms
Hanseatic League (HANSA)
- monopoly over the baltic maritime trade
- trade agreement with northern european countries (germany to estonia)
- a commercial and defensive confederation of merchant guilds and their market towns.
- during the Late Middle Ages and early modern period (c. 13th to 17th centuries).
- created to protect economic interests and diplomatic privileges
Northern Renaissance
-came much later
-art was more religious
-advanced broad social reforms (not only individualism)
(overall change in society through change in the individual)
-emphasis on the classics
-more focused on color in art than form
-believed each individual should better themselves to help the society
Italian Renaissance
- came first
- humanism and glorification of human life (focused on the human form)
- classical texts, individualism, more focused on form and realism in art
Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain
- monarchs who married (1469)
- created the union of Castile and Aragon
- formed the Kingdom of Spain
- “Catholic Monarchs”
- very powerful duo
Florence
- inland city
- enormous wealth
- merchants and bankers
- profits put into urban industries
- major leader in renaissance art
Byzantine Empire
- eastern part of the Roman Empire
- during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages.
- capital city was Constantinople.
- survived the fragmentation and fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century
- continued to exist for a thousand years
- fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453
- was the most powerful economic, cultural, and military force in Europe for most of its existence
Francesco Petrarch
- 1304-1394
- “Father of Humanism”
- writing used to shape modern latin,
- Laura (idealized lover)
Slavery
- slavery rose after black death due to labor shortages
- price increased
- strong lords could satisfy needs of their estates
- profitable exchange for merchants
- began to import black/sub-saharan slaves
- symbol of wealth and entertainment
- associated black slaves with the devil (darkness) since god was light
serfdom/ serfs
- status of peasants under feudalism
- surfs who occupied a plot of land were required to work for the lord and in return were entitled to protection and justice within the manor
- lowest class of feudal society
feudalism
- dominant social system
- nobility held lands from the Crown in exchange for military service
- serfs were obliged to live on their lord’s land and give him homage, labor, and a share of the produce, in exchange for military protection.
John Hus
- religious reform
- thought people should be able to read the Bible in their own language
- opposed the tyranny of the Roman church
- Hus was burned at the stake for heresy in 1415
individualism
-belief that the individual should advance themselves in society as much as they could
peace of lodi (april 9, 1454)
peace of lodi (april 9, 1454)
- peace agreement between naples, florence, milan
- rise of diplomacy (forced the italian city states to communication) (talk without fighting)
- insured the peace among city states
- set the stage for no wars during the high renaissance
5 italian powers
- venice
- florence
- milan
- naples
- papal states
hundred years war (1337-1453)
- because of land rights, economic conflicts & disputes over the french throne
- both government manipulated hate for the other side
- battle of crecy 1346
- england raised whool prices 5 million dollars in debt
