module one Flashcards
what were the parts of humanism
spic secularism power individualism classics
who was affected by the renaissance culture
5% of the population
artists
scholars
nobles
serfdom
equivalent to feudalism
marriage
- families needed to give permission to men to marry at 30
- married for economic benefit
- women married in her teens
lorenzo da medici
florence
- lorenzo the magnificent
- wealthy bankers
- commisioned michelangelo
Johannes guttenburg
- came up of the steel letters
- part of the invention of the printing press
- used relief carving (de Vinci, Michelangelo, donatello)
china
- most inventions made the inventions
- they didn’t utilize the technology that they created
- inventions defused to Europe
- they were poor
printing press
- printed 12 copies of the guttenburg bible
- 1454-1456
literacy
- informed citizens
- secret politics of the mind (make opinions before talking to people)
jan van eyck
- used oil paints
- had multiple thin layers to make textures
albrekt durer
- sculpture
- german
- relieve carving
Michelangelo
- commissioned by pope julius the second
- painted the sistine chapel
- david
- contrapasta stance
- 15 to 16 centuries
david
- first was carved in bronze by Donatello (nutella- brown=brown)
- then carved by Michelangelo
fillipo brunelleschi
- architect
- created a dome in florence
- known for use of linear perspective
main concepts of renaissance architecture
- balance
- symmetry
- domes
- columns
- proportions
main concepts of renaissance art (cpr, dbc)
- classical themes (biblical, roman, greek)
- color
- realism
- depth
- balance
- perspective
john wycliff
- opposed papal authority
- john hus was one of his first followers
hansiatic league (HANSA)
- have a monopoly over the baltic maritime trade
- trade agreement with northern european countries (germany to estonia)
northern vs italian
- italians (art focused on the human form) (more secular) (individualism- individual should advance themselves in society as much as they could)
- northern (art was more religious) (each individual should better themselves to help the society)
- both had emphasis on the classics
jacob burkhardt
- coined the term renaissance
- historian
- “rebirth”
ferdinand & isabela (catholic monarchs)
- new monarchs of spain
- married to united argon & castle (1469)
- spain was till not unified
- religion finally unified spain (christianity)
- converted jews & muslims to catholics
- spain’s economy went down the drain
peace of lodi (april 9, 1454)
peace of lodi (april 9, 1454)
- peace agreement between naples, florence, milan
- rise of diplomacy (forced the italian city states to communication) (talk without fighting)
- insured the peace among city states
- set the stage for no wars during the high renaissance
5 italian powers
- venice
- florence
- milan
- naples
- papal states
florence
- inland
- enormous wealth
- merchants & banker
- profits from banking were put straight to the urban industry (growing cities & commissioning art)
- leader in renaissance art (because of the wealth)
- birth place of the renaissance
byzantine empire
- after the fall of the roman empire (1,000 years)
- constanpanople
- eastern part of the romain empire stayed strong (byzantine)
- ottoman turks in 1453
- byzantine empire was the most powerful economic, cultural, & military force in most of its existence
Francesco Petrarch
- father of humanism
- added latin words
- wrote poetry to laura
holy romain empire
-worked off of greek ideas & spread throughout europe
clergy
- church officials
- people who work for the church
- 60% of clergy died because they helped people with the plague
pope julius the second
- the warrior pope
- involved with war & politics
new monarchs
- wanted to centralize power
- england
- henry the seventh
- france
- charles the seventh
chiaroscuro
- created during the renaissance
- form of shading
hundred years war (1337-1453)
- because of land rights, economic conflicts & disputes over the french throne
- both government manipulated hate for the other side
- battle of crecy 1346
- england raised whool prices 5 million dollars in debt
babylonean captivity
- 70 years that biblical hebrews were held in captive in babylon
- french throne took hebrews to vignon
- led to the great schism
- france wanted to control clergy members
renaissance started in florence
- italian was rich
- textiles & banking
commune
- men seeking complete economic independence from local nobles (breaking free of feudalism
- italian cities
popolo (peasants)
- wanted power over communes
- used violence
- got rule by the way that they didn’t want to have people rule (violence)
signori
- politival organisation
- one ruler
oligarchy
-group of rulers
plutocracy (better term for oligarchy)
- top 1% wealthy people
- ex) florence medici family
the prince
-modled after caesar borgia (ruled papal states)
italian cities invaded
- they always turned on each other so no big alliances
- big countries knew the states were very vulnerable
- idependantly wealthy
savon arola
- gave sermons appeal to the ordinary
- praised the power of the church
leon battista alberti
- men can do all things if they would
- we could be more god like or like animals
- believed women should stay at home
pico (like leon)
- wrote on the dignity of man
- thought that men should be prideful
lorenza valla
- donation to constatine was false (the church thought was real & gave power to the clergy)
- ended up weakening papal control
who became the leader in the renaissance after italy fell
rome
massaccio
- father of modern painfting
- use of light & dark
artists status rose greatly
- artists knew the importance of their work
- boasted about it
leonardo de vinci
- listed as a master of art
- only 20 at the time
- one of the smartest of all time
- engineer
- maybe homosexual
- milan
- military engineer for caesar borgia
- died in the arms of the king
laura ceretta
-believed that women don’t live up to their own potential
slave trade created opions about black inferiority
- it was easy to trade black people
- africa was very poor at the time
quirreles de femmes
- fight about women
- women’s role is bad in society
popular view about female rulers
-thought that they were inferior to men
clock
- stimulated quantification of time
- change the mindset to do more in the day
- didnt invent the clock
status of women
- domestic chores
- textile
- less power than women than in the feudle stage
- cared for people
- entertain
- planned activities for the house hold
overall women’s status
- decreased in nobles
- viewed as objects of art
- pawn for money & economic advantage
office of the night
-group of people who wanted to ban the people from being homosexual
blackness
-symbolized hostile forces of the underground world
erasmus (christmas)
- wrote praise of folly (all the bad things of a church shown through a girl)
- everyone should be able & willing to read the bible
- themes- education is good
- core of education is around the bible
- church was great
- didnt believe in the clergy
luis the 11
- spider king
- money is the answer
- timely death of other rulers gave him power
- severe taxation
star chamber
- group of people who replaced parlament
- middle class
- reduce power of nobles
- wrongly accuse nobles
- torture them
reconquista
-northern kingdoms to control peninsulas
new christian
- old jews & muslims (by blood)
- forced to
1450-1650
-reconassance, discovery, &expansion
jerusalem
-christianity
-judiasm
-islam
crusades
-catholic church trying to regain jerusalem
-trying to get religious expansion
-irradentism (reclaiming their homeland)
-11-13 centuries
- ottoman turks 1450
- 1453 ottoman turks catured constanople
portugal
-overlooked but still a huge part of european exploration
-wanted a route to trade spices with india
-prester john (legandary christian king)
thought to rule over europe
legend
-king
henry the navigator
-navigation school
-gold from sudan & gana
-controlled gold imports
-main port was lisbon (capital)
-seized muslim ports with cannons
spain-
-looked for riches & christianity
christopher columbus
- complete ass
- looking for india
- brought slaves
aztec empire
-cortez conquered
incas empire
-pizzaro conquered
magellan
- sailed around the world
- died before he finished
- route to find spices
- found that the earth is round
treaty of tordecillas
-devided new world between protugal & spain
conquisadors
- hired by spain
- conquered the new world
encomianda (arrangement)
- land & native americans to worlk for them
- they needed to preach christianity
1492
- jews from spain went to netherlands
- netherlands then had a huge economic boost
war of the roses
- lancaster vs. yorks
- lancasters/ tutors won
- henry tutor renamed himself henry the seventh when he took the throne
role of religion in discovery
- religion was the driving force
- they realized that they could make money
- (pizzaro & cortez)
- pizzaro tried to give them the bible
