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Higher Human Biology > Unit One - Key Area 3 > Flashcards

Unit One - Key Area 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is gene expression?

A

involves the transcription and translation of DNA sequences and only a fraction of genes in the cell ae expressed.

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2
Q

Describe RNA?

A

Single stranded molecule, composed of RNA nucleotides (phosphate, ribose sugar and base), contains uracil instead of thymine

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3
Q

What are the three types of RNA?

A

mRNA, tRNA and rRNA

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4
Q

What is the function of mRNA?

A

carries a complementary copy of the genetic code from the nucleus to the ribosome

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5
Q

What is each triplet of bases on an mRNA molecule called?

A

codon

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6
Q

What does tRNA do?

A

carry amino acids to the ribosome

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7
Q

Why does tRNA fold?

A

due to complementary base pairing

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8
Q

Describe the structure of tRNA?

A

an anticodon at one end and an amino acid attachment site at the other end.

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9
Q

What is the function of rRNA?

A

they form the ribosome along with proteins

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10
Q

What is transcription?

A

the synthesis of mRNA from a section of DNA - takes place in the nucleus

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11
Q

What enzyme is required to carry out transcription?

A

RNA polymerase

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12
Q

What happens during transcription?

A

RNA polymerase unwinds the DNA and breaks the hydrogen bonds between the bases.

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13
Q

What is produced from transcription?

A

a primary mRNA transcript

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14
Q

What are introns?

A

non-coding regions

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15
Q

What are exons?

A

coding regions

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16
Q

Describe the process of RNA splicing

A

introns are cut out and removed and the exons are spliced to form the mature mRNA transcript

17
Q

What happens during translation?

A

-mRNA attaches to the ribosome, translation begins at a start codon, mRNA codons match complementary bases on anticodons of tRNA, each tRNA carries a specific amino acid , amino acids are joined together by peptide bonds, forming a polypeptide chain, translation ends at a stop codon.

18
Q

What do polypeptide chains do?

A

fold to form the three-dimensional shape of a protein.

19
Q

What are polypeptide chains joined by?

A

hydrogen bonds

20
Q

What determines the function of a protein?

A

its shape

21
Q

What does the protein determine?

A

an individual’s phenotype (physical traits and characteristics)

22
Q

What are amino acids held together by?

A

peptide bonds

23
Q
A

Higher Human Biology (24 decks)

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