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Grade 11 Biology > Unit One: Genetic Processes > Flashcards

Unit One: Genetic Processes Flashcards

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1
Q

What purpose does DNA serve?

A

It serves as the genetic blueprint that gives the instructions for building and maintaining an organism

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2
Q

What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide?

A

Sugar (deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

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3
Q

What are the four types of nitrogenous bases?

A

Thymine, adenine, cytosine, and guanine

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4
Q

Which bases pair together?

A

Adenine + thymine and cytosine + gucinine

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5
Q

What is the shape of a DNA sequence called?

A

A double helix

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6
Q

What is the backbone of the double helix made up of?

A

Sugar and phosphate

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7
Q

What is the definition of heredity?

A

The passing of traits from one generation to the next through genetic information

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8
Q

What is a nucleotide?

A

The individual units that make up the structure of DNA ( made of sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base)

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9
Q

What is a base pairing?

A

The specific combination of nitrogenous bases

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10
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

The most condensed form of DNA and proteins

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11
Q

What is a chromatid?

A

One half of a duplicated chromosome

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12
Q

What is a sister chromatid?

A

Two identical chromatids that make up a duplicated chromosome

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13
Q

What is a centromere?

A

The region on a chromosome where two sister chromatids are joined

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14
Q

What are genes?

A

Segments of DNA that carry the instructions for making specific proteins and determining traits

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15
Q

What are traits?

A

Characteristics/ features of an organism that are determined by its DNA

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16
Q

What happens during the g 1 phase?

A

The cell grows and carries out normal functions, preparing for DNA replication

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17
Q

What happens during the s phase?

A

DNA is replicated, resulting in two identical sets of chromosomes

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18
Q

What happens during the g 2 phase?

A

The cell continues to grow and prepares for cell division

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19
Q

What happens during mitosis?

A

Nucleus and cytoplasm divide to produce two identical daughter cells

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20
Q

What happens during the g 0 phase?

A

A non dividing phase where cells are not actively progressing through the cell cycle

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21
Q

What happens during prophase?

A

The nucleus is still intact, chromosomes are condensing and visable

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22
Q

What happens during metaphase?

A

Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell, nucleus is gone

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23
Q

What happens during anaphase?

A

The chromatids are moving towards opposite poles of the cell wall via spindles

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24
Q

What happens during telophase?

A

The chromosomes are at separate poles ans new nuclei are forming

25
Q

What is cytokenesis?

A

Cytokenesis is when the cytoplasm splits, creating two new complete cells

26
Q

What are somatic cells?

A

Somatic cells are any cells of an organism that are not reproductive cells

27
Q

What are gametes?

A

Gametes are sex cells (sperm and egg)

28
Q

What is meiosis?

A

A type of cell division that produces 4 genetically different daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent

29
Q

What are homologous chromosomes?

A

Pairs of chromosomes that are similar in size, shape and have the same genes

30
Q

Where do the two homologous chromosomes come from?

A

One comes from your mother, the other comes from your father

31
Q

Essentially, how does meiosis work?

A

Meiosis is essentially mitosis twice

32
Q

What is the difference between a diploid and a haploid?

A

A diploid has paired sets of chromosomes, a haploid has a single set of chromosomes

33
Q

What is crossing over?

A

When homologous chromosomes swap random sections of their DNA with each other

34
Q

What is independent assortment?

A

When homologous chromosomes randomly orient themselves on either side of the center line

35
Q

What is gametogenesis?

A

The process of creating gametes through meiosis

36
Q

What are the two kinds of gameotogenesis?

A

Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis

37
Q

What happens at the end of spermatogenesis?

A

Spermatogenesis produced 4 unique haploid spermatids

38
Q

What happens at the ends of oogenesis?

A

At the end, one unique egg and 3 polar bodies are made( polar bodies are made to provide egg with cytoplasm

39
Q

What is nondisjunction?

A

When chromosomes separate improperly, leading to an uneven distribution of chromosomes among cells

40
Q

What is a karyotype?

A

An image of the chromosomes in their homologous pairs arranged by shape and size

41
Q

What is a gene?

A

A portion of DNA that determines certain traits of an organism

42
Q

What is an allele?

A

An alternate form of a gene

43
Q

What is the difference between homologous chromosomes and heterozygous chromosomes?

A

Homologous chromosomes contain the same allele for the same gene. Heterozygous chromosomes contain different alleles for a particular gene

44
Q

What is a dominant allele?

A

If it is present, it will be expressed

45
Q

What is a recessive allele?

A

The allele is only expressed if there is no dominant allele present

46
Q

What does the law of segregation state?

A
  1. Organisms inherit two copies of each gene, one from each parent
  2. Organisms donate only one copy of each gene to their gametes. During meiosis, the two copies of each gene Separate or segregate
47
Q

What are non Mendelian inheritance patterns?

A

Inheritance patterns that don’t follow complete dominance

48
Q

Define incomplete dominance

A

The dominant allele doesn’t completely mask the recessive allele. Instead, there is a blending of the two alleles

49
Q

Define codominance

A

Both alleles are simultaneously expressed, neither are dominant or recessive. No blending occurs

50
Q

Define multiple alleles

A

Some genes have more than 2 alleles

51
Q

Describe pleiotropy

A

Describes genes that affect many traits, not just a single characteristic

52
Q

Define polygenic traits

A

Single traits that are determined by several genes

53
Q

Define lethal alleles

A

When some combination results results in the death of an organism

54
Q

Define epistasis

A

When the presence of alleles for one gene influences the expression of alleles for another gene

55
Q

Define sex linked traits

A

Genes located in the sex chromosomes.

56
Q

What is a dihybrid cross?

A

It examines the genetic makeup of offspring from parents that differ on two traits

57
Q

What is a pedigree?

A

A pedigree is a graph showing a family’s genetic history that is used to track the inheritance of traits/ genetic conditions

58
Q

What does a filled in section of a pedigree mean?

A

It means the individual is affected with whatever you are tracking

Grade 11 Biology (2 decks)

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