Unit 4: Body Systems Flashcards
What are macronutrients?
Essential nutrients that are required by the body in relatively large quantities
What are micronutrients?
Essential nutrients required by the body in smaller quantities ( vitamins and minerals)
What are vitamins?
Organic nutrients that regulate chemical reactions in bodily processes
What are minerals?
Inorganic nutrients which regulate chemical reactions
What are the four stages of food processing?
Ingestion, digestion, absorption, elimination
What are the two types of digestion?
Mechanical and chemical
What is the mouth?
The site of ingestion where food is taken into the body
What do the salivary glands produce?
Amylase, lysozyme, water
What does amylase do?
Breaks down complex carbs into sugars
What does lysozyme do?
Kills unwanted bacteria
What is a bolus?
A lump of chewed food and saliva
What is an enzyme?
A biological catalyst, typically a protein, that speeds up chemical reactions
What is the epiglottis?
A flap of cartilage that temporarily seals off the airway to direct the food through the pharynx into the esophagus
What is the esophagus?
A long muscle encased tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach
What is peristalsis?
Muscle contractions that move the bolus down the esophagus
What are the two sphincters in the stomach?
The lower esophageal sphincter and the pyloric sphincter
What does the lower esophageal sphincter do?
It controls the movement of food between the esophagus and the stomach
What does the pyloric sphincter do?
Controls the movement of food between the stomach and the duodenum
What 3 substances are released during chemical digestion?
HCL, Pepsin, lipase
What does HCL do?
Breaks apart the cells of food
What does Pepsin do?
Breaks down proteins
What does lipase do?
Breaks down lipids
What is chyme?
A mixture of partially digested food, acid, and digestive enzymes
What is the duodenum and what does it do?
The first section of the small intestine. Nearly all of the chemical digestion happens here
What is the duodenum?
The first section of the small intestine where almost all chemical digestion occurs
What are the 3 main functions of the liver?
Processing nutrients, excretes bile to the small intestine, metabolizes and eliminates drugs and toxins
What chemicals does the pancreas secrete?
Bicarbonate, amylase, trypsin, lipase, insulin, glucagon
What does the gallbladder do?
It collects the bile that the liver produces, which helps emulsify fats
What is emulsification?
A mixture of tiny droplets of one liquid suspended in another
What is the jejunum?
A part of the small intestine where most absorption of nutrients occurs
What is the ileum?
The final section of the small intestine where any remaining things are absorbed, vitamins mostly
What is the function of the large intestine?
Reabsorbs water
What are the parts of the large intestine, in order?
Cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum
What are the two rectum sphincters?
Internal and external sphincter
