Unit 3: Diversity of living things Flashcards
What is classification?
The act of categorizing and organizing objects or ideas into groups based on shared characteristics, properties or relationships
What is taxonomy?
The science of identifying and classifying all organisms
What is taxa?
Each level of classification
What does domain classify organisms based on?
Fundamental cellular and molecular characteristics
What does kingdom classify organisms based on?
Fundamental similarities in basic structure and way of life
What does phylum classify organisms based on?
Based on major body plans and structural features
What does class classify organisms based on?
Based on additional shared characteristics more specific than phylum level
What does order classify organisms based on?
Based on similarities in behavior, physiology, and other characteristics
What does family classify organisms based on?
Based on more specific features that reflect close evolutionary relationships
What does genus classify organisms based on?
Based on more specific characteristics
What does species classify organisms based on?
Based on whether organisms can interbreed and produce fertile offspring
What is binomial nomenclature?
A two name system used to write the scientific names of all organisms. It is composed of the genus, then species name
What is a dichotomous key?
A tool to identify organisms with a series of two choice questions
What are the two types of cells?
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
What makes eukaryotes unique?
They have a true nucleus and membrane bound organelles
What makes prokaryotes unique?
They lack a true nucleus and and other membrane bound organelles
What is archaea?
Ancient single celled organisms
What unique structures do bacteria have?
Capsule, Plasmid, Pilli, Nucleoid, Flagellum
What are ascomycota?
Sac fungi, which produce spores in sac like structures
What are basidiomycota?
Club fungi which produce spores on specialized club shaped structures
What are glomeromycota?
Fungi that form symbiotic relationships with plant roots ( mycorrhizae)
What are hyphae?
Elongated structures that form the basic structures of fungi. All parts of the fungus are made of hyphae
What are mycelium?
The collective mass of hyphae that forms a network that’s responsible for nutrient absorption
What are spores?
Reproductive cells that disperse to initiate the growth of new fungal organisms
What is the fruiting body?
The part of the mushroom that produces spores
What is the cell wall?
A structural polysaccharide that provides support to fungal cell walls
What is sporulation?
The production of asexual spores in specialized structures
What is fragmentation?
When portions of the mycelium break off and develop into new individuals
What is budding?
When small buds form on the parent cell and eventually detaches to become a new individual
What does it mean when an organism is a saprophyte?
Organisms that break down dead, organic material
Why are protists called “the misfit kingdom”?
It’s a kingdom used to classify eukaryotic organisms that don’t fit into any other kingdoms
What are protozoa?
Animal like protists that can move and digest food that they capture
What are algae?
Plant like protists that can do photosynthesis
What are slime molds?
Fungi like protists that are often found in decaying organic matter
What are the 3 ways protists can be organized?
Unicellular, multicellular, and colonial
What does the capsule do?
It protects the bacteria and helps the cell adhere to surfaces
What does the flagellum do?
Helps the bacteria move (whip like appendage)
What is a plasmid?
Small pieces of DNA that are separated from the nucleoid
What are the pilli?
Short structures that help the bacteria attach to surfaces
What is the nucleoid?
Where most of the bacterias DNA is
What shape does bacillus bacteria have?
Rod shaped
What shape does spirilum bacteria have?
Spiral shape
What shape does coccus bacteria have?
Spherical shape
What shape does staphylococcus bacteria have?
Clusters of spheres
What shape does Streptococcus bacteria have
Chains of spheres
What shape does diplococcus bacteria have?
Pairs of spheres
What is an obligate aerobe?
Organism that requires oxygen for growth
What is an obligate anaerobe?
Organism that can’t survive without oxygen
What is a facultative aerobe?
Organism that can survive with or without oxygen
What is a chemoheterotroph?
An organism that obtains its energy from chemicals and carbon from organic compounds (eating other organisms)
What is a photoautotroph?
An organism that uses light as an energy source and carbon dioxide as a carbon source
What is a photoheterotroph?
An organism that uses light for an energy source and gets carbon from eating other organisms
What is a chemoheterotroph?
An organism that uses chemicals for an energy source and gets carbon from eating other organisms
What is vertical gene transfer?
A single cell divides itself into the two identical daughter cells
What is horizontal gene transfer?
The transfer of genetic material from one bacteria to another
What is transformation?
Bacteria takes DNA from their environment and incorporates it into its own genome
What is conjugation?
Bacteria transfer genetic material through a pilus, exchanging plasmids
What is transduction?
DNA is transferred from one bacterium to another by bacteriophages
Why are archaea called extremophiles?
They are able to survive extreme environmental conditions
What are thermophiles?
Can withstand high temperatures
What are psychrophiles?
Can withstand cold temperatures
What are halophiles?
Can withstand extremely salty conditions
What are acidophiles?
Can withstand highly acidic conditions
What are alkaliphiles?
Can withstand alkaline conditions
Describe the lytic cycle
A virus binds to the surface of a cell and injects its DNA, forms a loop, instructs the cell to make more copies of viral DNA, cell explodes and releases capsids
Describe the lysogenic cycle
Virus inserts its DNA into a cell, DNA forms a loop, insert itself into the bacteria s chromosome, each time the bacterium duplicates the viruses DNA will be duplicated
