Unit One: Archae and Bacteria

Question 1

What are prokaryotes?

Answer 1

Single celled, not membrane bound and no true nucleas cells.

Question 2

How are archae described?

Answer 2

• Oldest of all living things.
• Extreme living conditions.
• Very simple.

Question 3

How many Archae species are there?

Answer 3

Roughly 20,000

Question 4

What are the three phyla of Archae?

Answer 4

Anareobic methogens, Halophyles, Thermoacidiphiles.

Question 5

What are characteristics of anareobic methogens?

Answer 5

• Mailnly live in the guts of animals or the bottom of marshes.
• Release methane(CH4) as a waste product.

Question 6

What are characteristics of halophiles?

Answer 6

• Live in waters with a salt concentration higher than 15%. i.e. dead sea.
• “Salt loving.”

Question 7

What are charactersitics of thermoacidiphiles?

Answer 7

• Bacteria that can tolerate very hot temp and acidic conditions.
• Liv enear deep sea vents, hot springs, volcanic crater lakes, and old mine and drainage lakes.

Question 8

What are Bacteria?

Answer 8

Unicellular organisms that have cell walls outside their plasma membrane made of peptidoglycan.

Question 9

What are three parts of bacteria?

Answer 9

Plasmid - Circular DNA NOT for survival characteristics
Pili - Allow transfer of plasmids, hair like(not cilia)
Flagellum - allow them to move

Question 10

How many bacteria species are there?

Answer 10

Roughly 30,000

Question 11

What are the thee bacteria cell shapes?

Answer 11

1. Cocci - sphere shaped
2. Bacilli - rod shaped
3. Spirochetes - Spiral/curved

Question 12

What is Gram Stain?

Answer 12

Gram stain is the classification of bacteria by their reaction to a dye.
Gram-Positive - Purple, not dangerous.
Gram-Negative - Pink, dangerous.

Question 13

How do bacteria move?

Answer 13

1. Sessile(not moving)
2. Rolling - some sprirochetes roll/twist.
3. Glide - slimy
4. Flaggula - Rotate and push/pull

Question 14

Heterotrophic bacteria metabolism vs autotrophic bacteria metabolism

Answer 14

Heterotrophic bacteria get nutrients from organic chemicals found in other living organisms.
Autotrophic bacteria produce their own food by assembling inorganic chemicals.

Question 15

What are the three types of bacteria metabolism?

(Their need for oxygen)

Answer 15

1. Obligate Aerobes - Need oxygen.
2. Facultative Aerobes - Sometimes need oxygen.
3. Obligate Anaerobes - Cannot live with oxygen present.

Question 16

How do bacteria reproduce?

Answer 16

1. Binarry Fission (Bacteria splits into two, which later split again).
2. Conjigation then fission. Bacteria exchanges a plasmid copy of genetic info.
   [ X2 + Y2 = (XY)(XY)]

Question 17

How are Bacteria Helpful?

Answer 17

1. Natural recycling
   - Decomposers
   - Convert Nitrogen Gas into usable Nitrogen
   - Provide Oxygen
2. Health and medacine
   - Keep you healthy
   - Make insulin
   - Help digest
   - Release vitamins
3. Clean up environment

Question 18

What are Anti-Biotics and an example?

Answer 18

Anti-biotics are medacines that help fight off and kill bacteria. i.e. Penicillin.

Question 19

What are pros and cons of anti-biotics?

Answer 19

Pros:
- They kill harmful bacteria
- help cure illnesses

Cons:
- Can help develope allergies by killing microbes in the gut
- Can result in drug-resistant bacteria that either needs a higher dosage of drug or is completely resistant(super bugs)