Unit lV - Part 2

Question 1

 ________ acts as a template for the synthesis of a new, complementary strand.

one starting molecule to two “daughter” molecules, with each newly formed double helix containing one new and one old strand.

Answer 1

DNA double helix

Question 2

DNA Replication is ________

Answer 2

Semiconservative

Question 3

DNA Replication Process

Answer 3

1. DNA double helix
2. Hydrogen bonds break and helix opens.
3. Each strand of DNA acts as a template for synthesis of new complementary strand.
4. Replication produces two identical DNA double helices, one new and one old strand.

Question 4

Replication always starts at specific locations on the DNA, which are called ___________.

Answer 4

origins of replication

Question 5

In E.coli, origin is about _________ long.

Answer 5

245 base pairs

Question 6

two Y-shaped structures called ________ forming ________.

Answer 6

replication forks
replication bubble

Question 7

Enzymes involved in DNA replication

Answer 7

Helicase
Single-strand binding protein
Topolsomerase
Primase
DNA pol lll
DNA pol l
DNA ligase

Question 8

Unwinds parental double helix at replication forks

Answer 8

Helicase

Question 9

Binds to and stabilizes single-stranded DNA until it is used as a template

Answer 9

Single-strand binding protein

Question 10

Relieves overwinding strain ahead of replication forks by breaking, swiveling, and rejoining DNA strands

Answer 10

Topoisomerase

Question 11

Synthesizes an RNA primer at 5’ end of leading strand and at 5’ end of each Okazaki fragment of lagging strand

Answer 11

Primase

Question 12

Using parental DNA as a template, synthesizes new DNA strand by adding nucleotides to an RNA primer or a pre-existing DNA strand

Answer 12

DNA pol lll

Question 13

Removes RNA nucleotides of primer 5’ end and replaces them with DNA nucleotide

Answer 13

DNA pol l

Question 14

Joins Okazaki fragments of lagging strand: on leading strand, 3’ end of DNA that replicates primer to rest of leading strand DNA

Answer 14

DNA ligase

Question 15

IMPORTANCE OF DNA REPLICATION

Answer 15

DNA replication makes an exact copy.
DNA must be replicated everytime a cell divides.
This ensures that the correct genetic information is passed on from cell to cell and generation to generation.
Errors in replication can cause mutation, thus replication is high fidelity.
It is essential for the continuation of life.

Question 16

It is a single strand

Answer 16

RNA

Question 17

RNA is composed of:

Answer 17

Sugar (ribose)
Phosphate
Phosphodiester linkage Nitrogenous bases: A,G,U,C

Question 18

RNA Synthesis/Transcription
(3 stages)
1.
a.
b.
2.
3.
Termination region
_______ - protein non-coding region
_______- protein coding region

Answer 18

1. Initiation Region
   a. Promoter region
   b. RNA polymerase
2. Elimination region
3. Termination region
   Termination region
   • Introns - protein non-coding region
   • Exons - protein coding region

Question 19

• Intron Splicing
a. _______

Answer 19

a. spliceosome

Question 20

mRNA nitrogenous bases are grouped into three called

Answer 20

Codons

Question 21

How many codons in the genetic code?

Answer 21

64 codons

Question 22

• Start codon:
• Stop codons:

Answer 22

AUG (methionine)
UGA, UAG, UAA

Question 23

–Protein synthesis/ Translation–
a. Initiation Stage
1.
2.
3.
4.

Answer 23

1. Small ribosomal unit attached to the start codon of mRNA.
2. Amino acid brought by specific tRNA
3. tRNA anticodon will complement with the mRNA codon.
4. Attachment of the large ribosomal unit (with A, P, and E sites) completing the translation complex.

Question 24

What are the 3 Large Ribosomal Subunits in the Elongation process of protein synthesis?

Answer 24

A site (Aminoacyl tRNA binding site)
P site (Peptidyl tRNA binding site)
E site

Question 25

Receiving the incoming amino acid.

Answer 25

A site (aminoacyl tRNA binding site)

Question 26

This is where the peptide bond between amino acid formed

Answer 26

P site (Pertidyl tRNA binding site)

Question 27

It is the exit site of uncharged tRNA.

Answer 27

E site

Question 28

In what stage in protein synthesis does the elongation stops when it reaches the stop codons (UGA, UAG, UAA).

Answer 28

Termination stage

Question 29

3 types pf gene repair

Answer 29

• Base mismatches and mismatch repairs • Base Excision Repair • Nucleotide Excision Repair

Question 30

Mechanism for Double strand Break • •

Answer 30

• Homologous recombination • Non homologous end joining – can cause mixed up

Question 31

It can cause mixed up

Answer 31

Non homologous end joining

Question 32

Central Dogma of Biology

Answer 32

Replication Transcription Translation

Question 33

Applications of Cell and Molecular Biology

Answer 33

1.Cell and Tissue Culture 2.DNA-based Technologies • Gene Expression • Genetic Engineering • Molecular/DNA Marker

Question 34

• In general, tissue culture refers to the removal of cells, tissue or organs from an animal or plant and their subsequent placement into artificial environment conductive to growth. • In plants, tissue culture is being define as ______ and _________ of any plant part on a nutrient medium. • __________ is the removal of cells from a mammal or an animal, and their subsequent growth in a favorable artificial environment.

Answer 34

• invitro and aseptic cultivation • Cell culture

Question 35

It refers to the main genetic materials of cellular organisms.

Answer 35

DNA

Question 36

It is the sequencing, analysis, and cutting-and-pasting of DNA

Answer 36

DNA technology

Question 37

Preserving DNA itself is one way of conserving ____________

Answer 37

germplasm resources

Question 38

Basic unit of heredity

Answer 38

Gene

Question 39

Variant form of a given gene.

Answer 39

Allele

Question 40

Uses of information in gene expression 1. 2. 3.

Answer 40

1. Gene Information Describing the Crop Phenology 2. Prediction of Crop Growth Status Under Stress a 3. Evaluation of the Effect of Fertilizers

Question 41

Site where restriction enzyme cuts

Answer 41

Ti plasmid

Question 42

Uses of genetic engineering Genome editting 1. 2. 3.

Answer 42

1. Plant Protection – enhanced resistance, pest and disease control 2. Molecular Design Breeding –genetic transformation 3. Quality Improvements - nutritional value

Question 43

How molecular marker used in DNA analysis?

Answer 43

1. Collection of samples 2. DNA Extraction 3. Quality and quantity checking 4. Polymerase chain reaction 5. Gel Electrophoresis and Viewing 6. Scoring and Analysis

Question 44

DNA Markers (4)

Answer 44

1. Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (NSP) 2. Random Amplified Polymorphism DNA (RAPD) 3. Amplifier Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) 4. Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR) Single Tandem Repeat (STR)

Question 45

__________ - in vitro process which aims to make many copies of DNA region. a. b. c.

Answer 45

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) a. Template DNA b. DNA Marker primer c. DNA polymerase(Taq polymerase)

Question 46

Application of DNA marker analysis in rice researches 1. a. b. c. 2. a. b. 3. a. b.

Answer 46

1. Gene mapping, cloning and Marker Assisted Breeding a. Quantitative Trait Locus mapping b. Trait Introgression c. Marker Assisted Selection 2. Cultivar Identification and Analysis of Seed Purity a. DNA Fingerprinting b. Core Molecular System and Seed Purity Testing 3. Evaluation of Germplasm Resource a. Molecular Evaluation b. Genetic Diversity Analysis

Question 47

•an efficient way to facilitate conservation and management •provide information for rice breeders and farmers and to contribute in the rice germplasm conservation.

Answer 47

Genetic diversity analysis

Question 48

Addition of 5' cap and 3' poly A

Answer 48

Intron Splicing a. spliceosome

Question 49

Protein non-coding region

Answer 49

Introns

Question 50

Protein coding region

Answer 50

Exons