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CMB (Lecture) > Unit lV - Part 2 > Flashcards

Unit lV - Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

 ________ acts as a template for the synthesis of a new, complementary strand.

one starting molecule to two “daughter” molecules, with each newly formed double helix containing one new and one old strand.

A

DNA double helix

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2
Q

DNA Replication is ________

A

Semiconservative

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3
Q

DNA Replication Process

A
  1. DNA double helix
  2. Hydrogen bonds break and helix opens.
  3. Each strand of DNA acts as a template for synthesis of new complementary strand.
  4. Replication produces two identical DNA double helices, one new and one old strand.
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4
Q

Replication always starts at specific locations on the DNA, which are called ___________.

A

origins of replication

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5
Q

In E.coli, origin is about _________ long.

A

245 base pairs

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6
Q

two Y-shaped structures called ________ forming ________.

A

replication forks
replication bubble

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7
Q

Enzymes involved in DNA replication

A

Helicase
Single-strand binding protein
Topolsomerase
Primase
DNA pol lll
DNA pol l
DNA ligase

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8
Q

Unwinds parental double helix at replication forks

A

Helicase

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9
Q

Binds to and stabilizes single-stranded DNA until it is used as a template

A

Single-strand binding protein

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10
Q

Relieves overwinding strain ahead of replication forks by breaking, swiveling, and rejoining DNA strands

A

Topoisomerase

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11
Q

Synthesizes an RNA primer at 5’ end of leading strand and at 5’ end of each Okazaki fragment of lagging strand

A

Primase

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12
Q

Using parental DNA as a template, synthesizes new DNA strand by adding nucleotides to an RNA primer or a pre-existing DNA strand

A

DNA pol lll

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13
Q

Removes RNA nucleotides of primer 5’ end and replaces them with DNA nucleotide

A

DNA pol l

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14
Q

Joins Okazaki fragments of lagging strand: on leading strand, 3’ end of DNA that replicates primer to rest of leading strand DNA

A

DNA ligase

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15
Q

IMPORTANCE OF DNA REPLICATION

A

DNA replication makes an exact copy.
DNA must be replicated everytime a cell divides.
This ensures that the correct genetic information is passed on from cell to cell and generation to generation.
Errors in replication can cause mutation, thus replication is high fidelity.
It is essential for the continuation of life.

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16
Q

It is a single strand

A

RNA

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17
Q

RNA is composed of:

A

Sugar (ribose)
Phosphate
Phosphodiester linkage Nitrogenous bases: A,G,U,C

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18
Q

RNA Synthesis/Transcription
(3 stages)
1.
a.
b.
2.
3.
Termination region
_______ - protein non-coding region
_______- protein coding region

A
  1. Initiation Region
    a. Promoter region
    b. RNA polymerase
  2. Elimination region
  3. Termination region
    Termination region
    • Introns - protein non-coding region
    • Exons - protein coding region
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19
Q

• Intron Splicing
a. _______

A

a. spliceosome

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20
Q

mRNA nitrogenous bases are grouped into three called

A

Codons

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21
Q

How many codons in the genetic code?

A

64 codons

22
Q

• Start codon:
• Stop codons:

A

AUG (methionine)
UGA, UAG, UAA

23
Q

–Protein synthesis/ Translation–
a. Initiation Stage
1.
2.
3.
4.

A
  1. Small ribosomal unit attached to the start codon of mRNA.
  2. Amino acid brought by specific tRNA
  3. tRNA anticodon will complement with the mRNA codon.
  4. Attachment of the large ribosomal unit (with A, P, and E sites) completing the translation complex.
24
Q

What are the 3 Large Ribosomal Subunits in the Elongation process of protein synthesis?

A

A site (Aminoacyl tRNA binding site)
P site (Peptidyl tRNA binding site)
E site

25
Q

Receiving the incoming amino acid.

A

A site (aminoacyl tRNA binding site)

26
Q

This is where the peptide bond between amino acid formed

A

P site (Pertidyl tRNA binding site)

27
Q

It is the exit site of uncharged tRNA.

A

E site

28
Q

In what stage in protein synthesis does the elongation stops when it reaches the stop codons (UGA, UAG, UAA).

A

Termination stage

29
Q

3 types pf gene repair

A

• Base mismatches and mismatch repairs
• Base Excision Repair
• Nucleotide Excision Repair

30
Q

Mechanism for Double strand Break
•
•

A

• Homologous recombination
• Non homologous end joining – can cause mixed up

31
Q

It can cause mixed up

A

Non homologous end joining

32
Q

Central Dogma of Biology

A

Replication
Transcription
Translation

33
Q

Applications of Cell and Molecular Biology

A

1.Cell and Tissue Culture
2.DNA-based Technologies
• Gene Expression
• Genetic Engineering
• Molecular/DNA Marker

34
Q

• In general, tissue culture refers to the removal of cells, tissue or organs from an animal or plant and their subsequent placement into artificial environment conductive to growth.
• In plants, tissue culture is being define as ______ and _________ of any plant part on a nutrient medium.
• __________ is the removal of cells from a mammal or an animal, and their subsequent growth in a favorable artificial environment.

A

• invitro and aseptic cultivation
• Cell culture

35
Q

It refers to the main genetic materials of cellular organisms.

A

DNA

36
Q

It is the sequencing, analysis, and cutting-and-pasting of DNA

A

DNA technology

37
Q

Preserving DNA itself is one way of conserving ____________

A

germplasm resources

38
Q

Basic unit of heredity

A

Gene

39
Q

Variant form of a given gene.

A

Allele

40
Q

Uses of information in gene expression
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. Gene Information Describing the Crop Phenology
  2. Prediction of Crop Growth Status Under Stress a
  3. Evaluation of the Effect of Fertilizers
41
Q

Site where restriction enzyme cuts

A

Ti plasmid

42
Q

Uses of genetic engineering Genome editting
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. Plant Protection – enhanced resistance, pest and disease control
  2. Molecular Design Breeding –genetic transformation
  3. Quality Improvements - nutritional value
43
Q

How molecular marker used in DNA analysis?

A
  1. Collection of samples
  2. DNA Extraction
  3. Quality and quantity checking
  4. Polymerase chain reaction
  5. Gel Electrophoresis and Viewing
  6. Scoring and Analysis
44
Q

DNA Markers (4)

A
  1. Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (NSP)
  2. Random Amplified Polymorphism DNA (RAPD)
  3. Amplifier Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP)
  4. Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR)
    Single Tandem Repeat (STR)
45
Q

__________ - in vitro process which aims to make many copies of DNA region.
a.
b.
c.

A

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
a. Template DNA
b. DNA Marker primer
c. DNA polymerase(Taq polymerase)

46
Q

Application of DNA marker analysis in rice researches
1.
a.
b.
c.
2.
a.
b.
3.
a.
b.

A
  1. Gene mapping, cloning and Marker Assisted Breeding
    a. Quantitative Trait Locus mapping
    b. Trait Introgression
    c. Marker Assisted Selection
  2. Cultivar Identification and Analysis of Seed Purity
    a. DNA Fingerprinting
    b. Core Molecular System and Seed Purity Testing
  3. Evaluation of Germplasm Resource
    a. Molecular Evaluation
    b. Genetic Diversity Analysis
47
Q

•an efficient way to facilitate conservation and management
•provide information for rice breeders and farmers and to contribute in the rice germplasm conservation.

A

Genetic diversity analysis

48
Q

Addition of 5’ cap and 3’ poly A

A

Intron Splicing
a. spliceosome

49
Q

Protein non-coding region

A

Introns

50
Q

Protein coding region

A

Exons

CMB (Lecture) (5 decks)

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