Unit ll - Biochemistry of Cell Flashcards by Haru Haru

Are materials made of long, repeating chains of molecules

Polymers

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Organic compounds are known for the presence of ________

CARBON

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Are made up of chemical building blocks called amino acids

Proteins

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It makes up the environment and it is a large part of the mass of most organisms.

Water

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In human tissues, the percentage of water ranges from _____ in bones to _____ in brain cells!

20%
85%

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The water content is greatest in ______ and decreases with age.

young cells

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About _____ of your total body weight is water and about _____ of jellyfish and some plants is water!

70%
95%

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Water (H2O) molecules form ______ with each other

It creates a sticky molecules

H-bonds

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+H attracted to ______

-O

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______ is more electronegative than ______.

Oxygen
hydrogen

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Why the oxygen end of the water molecule has a partial negative charge, while the hydrogen end has a partial positive charge.

O atom hogs electron and keep them away from H atom

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• hydrophilic: hydro means “_____,” and philic means “_____.”
• hydrophobic: phobic means “_____.”

Hydro - water
Philic - loving
Phobic - fearing

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Properties of water (5)

Cohesion and Adhesion
Good solvent
Lower density as a solid
High specific heat
High heat of vaporization

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• H bonding between H2O molecules
• water is “sticky”
• surface tension
• drinking straw

Cohesion

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• H bonding between H2O & other substances
• capillary action
• meniscus
• water climbs up paper towel or cloth

Adhesion

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It is the solvent of life

Water

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It makes water (H2O) a good solvent

Polarity

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_____ dissolves ______ creating ______

Solvents
Solutes
Solutions

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polar H2O molecules surround _______

+ & – ions

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______ - Hydrogen bonds are stable
______ - hydrogen bonds constantly break and reform

Ice
Liquid water

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What properties of water
• H2O resists changes in temperature
• high specific heat
• takes a lot to heat it up
• takes a lot to cool it down
• H2O moderates temperatures on Earth

High Specific Heat

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Organic compounds are made up of ___________

Hydrocarbons
(Hydrogen and Carbon atoms)

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Examples of organic compounds

DEET
Polyethylene
DNA

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Four classes of biological macromolecules:

Proteins
 Lipids
Carbohydrates
Nucleic Acid

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It is a very large molecules

Macromolecules

Examples of organic compounds

Proteins Lipid (fats) Carbohydrates Nucleic acid

 Biological macromolecules are ____.  They contain __________ Other elements: ____, _____, _____ & _____.

organic hydrocarbons oxygen,nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur.

Poly means _____

Many

Polymers are made up of _____

Monomers

Mono means _____

One

Examples of polymers (and the monomers that make it up)

1. Proteins - Amino acid 2. Lipid - Glycerol and Fatty acids 3. Carbohydrates - Monosaccharides 4. Nucleic acid - Nucleotides 5. DNA - Nucleotides

Carbohydrates is made up of what elements

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

_____ - Main source of energy of the body. _____ - is the simple sugar.

Monosaccharides

3 types of monosaccharides

Glucose Galactose Fructose

 Long term storage for energy.  ________ - made up of glucose polymers

Complex Carbohydrates Polysaccharides

Galactose + Glucose

Lactose

Glucose + Glucose

Maltose

Glucose + Fructose

Sucrose

3 types of disaccharides

Maltose Lactose Sucrose

_____ is a polysaccharide comprising glucose monomers. Found in: Grains (wheat, rice, corn, oats, barley) Tubers such as potatoes are rich in starch.

Starch

 also a glucose polymer Offers plant support Energy storage Makes up the cell wall Food source for seeds and plant bulbs

Cellulose

 A branched polymer made up of numerous glucose monomers. Long-term energy storage found in the liver Quickly broken down into glucose for immediate energy.

Glycogen

Lipids are made up of

Carbon, Hydrogen and some Oxygen

Function of Lipids

Waterproof Insulate Steroids Energy Cushion

Examples of Lipids

Oil Butter Margarine

 Made up of fatty acid monomers – Glycerides that have a Glycerol Backbone (Circled) and a Fatty Acid Tail(s)

Fat

Glycerol Group with 3 Fatty Acid Chains

Triglycerides

Proteins are made up of

C, H, O, N, and some S

Function of proteins

Membrane Enzymes Antibodies Non steroid hormones Structural molecules

Examples of proteins

Egg Fish Milk Chicken

The _____ of proteins determines its function

Shape

Shapes of proteins

Amino acids Peptide Protein

Proteins that are involved in creating PROTEINS.

Ribosomes

__________ - Three dimensional folding pattern of a protein due to side chain interactions.

Tertiary Protein Structure

_________ - sequence of a chain of amino acids.

Primary Protein Structure

___________ - Protein consisting of more than one amino acid chain.

Quatenary Protein Structure

__________ - hydrogen bonding of the peptide backbone causes the amino acids to fold into a repeating pattern

Secondary Protein Structure

1. Immune response 2. Milk, nuts, seeds 3. Muscles 4. Catalyzes reaction in cells 5. Insulin, growth, and hormone 6. Tendons, cartilage, hair, nails 7. Hemoglobin

1. Protection 2. Storage 3. Contractile 4. Enzymes 5. Hormonal 6. Structural 7. Transport

Types of proteins

Structural Contractile Transport Storage Hormonal Enzymes Protection

• Chemical signaler protein produced in the pancreas • Causes cells in the liver, muscle, and fat tissue to take up glucose from blood and convert it to glycogen that can be stored in the liver and muscles.

Insulin

_______ is a condition when a person has high blood glucose (blood sugar),

Diabetes

Proteins in red blood cells that carries oxygen.

Hemoglobin

Low hemoglobin levels are associated with:

Kidney disease Liver disease Anema

High hemoglobin levels are associated wit:

Chronic lung disease Dehydration Heart failure

_______ are part of immune system. When foreign organisms enters the body, it find the invader and stick themselves into it.

Antibodies

Speed up rate of chemical reactions ( a catalyst) by lowering the energy needed to begin the reaction.

Enzymes

______ breaks down lactose

Lactase

_____ breaks down amylose

Amylase

_______ breaks down protein

Pepsin

 Re-usable; molecule specific (______)

Lock and Key Model

Four types of biochemical molecules

Carbohydrates Lipid Proteins Nucleic acid

2 Types of nucleic acid

Ribonucleic acid Deoxyribonucleic acid

Monomers of nucleic acid

Nucleotides

Base and sugar of DNA & RNA

DNA • Base - Thymine • Sugar - Deoxyribose RNA • Base - Uracil • Sugar - Ribose

______ is the “information molecule”. chromosomes are made up of thousands of shorter segments of DNA, called ______.  gene stores the directions for making ______

DNA genes protein

 DNA polymers direct the production of other polymers called _______.  A chromosome consists of smaller segments called _____.  Each gene is further divided into three nucleotide subsegments called ______.

proteins genes codons

Biological function of DNA

Replication Transcription Translation

 ______ serves as universal information-storage molecule for all forms of life.

DNA

 Each nucleotide monomer is built from three simple molecular parts: (Structure of DNA)

 Deoxyribose sugar,  phosphate group, and  Nitrogenous base

Purine

Adenine Guanine

Pyrimidine

Cytosine Thymine Uracil

It is a cyclical molecule

Deoxyribose

 __________ is attached to the fourth carbon of the ring  ________ is attached to the third carbon in the ring.

fifth carbon atom hydroxyl group (-OH)

sugar in all four nucleotides is called _______.  is a phosphorous atom with four oxygen atoms bonded to it.

deoxyribose phosphate group

 Bonds in DNA polymers that connect the 5’ carbon of one nucleotide to the 3’ carbon of another nucleotide

Phosphodiester bonds

• _______ ______ and is important for the copying of DNA • two strands of the helix run in ______ directions

antiparallel orientation opposite

nucleotides forming each DNA strand are connected by _________.

hydrogen bonds

Why A(adenine) are always hydrogen bonded to T(thymine) nucleotides?

Adenine (“A”) and Thymine (“T”) each have one donor and one acceptor.

Why C(cytosine) are always hydrogen bonded to G(guanine) nucleotides?

Cytosine (“C”) has one donor and two acceptors, and Guanine (“G”) has one acceptor and two donors.

This creates consistency in the nucleotide sequences of the two DNA polymers that join together to make a chromosome

complementary base pairing

A DNA molecule has 180 base pairs and 20% adenine. How many cytosine nucleotides are present in this molecule of DNA?

180 × 2 = 360 30/100 = 0.3 0.3 × 360 = 108

It functions in cellular protein synthesis

RNA

Replaces DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) as a carrier of genetic codes in some viruses.

RNA

 ______ = nitrogenous bases appended to a ribose sugar RNA consists of ________

ribose nucleotides ribose nucleotides

 attached by phosphodiester bonds, forming strands of varying lengths

RNA

The presence of a chemically reactive hydroxyl (−OH) group attached to the second carbon group in the ribose sugar molecule makes RNA prone to ________.

hydrolysis

 _______ - transfer amino acids to ribosomes.

transfer RNA (tRNA)

 ________ - makes up ribosome-protein factories of the cell

ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

 ____________ - carries DNA message to ribosomes

messenger RNA (mRNA)

Types of RNA

mRNA tRNA rRNA

DNA to RNA to PROTEIN What is this process called

Central dogma of biology