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CMB (Lecture) > Unit ll - Biochemistry of Cell > Flashcards

Unit ll - Biochemistry of Cell Flashcards

1
Q

Are materials made of long, repeating chains of molecules

A

Polymers

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2
Q

Organic compounds are known for the presence of ________

A

CARBON

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3
Q

Are made up of chemical building blocks called amino acids

A

Proteins

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4
Q

It makes up the environment and it is a large part of the mass of most organisms.

A

Water

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5
Q

In human tissues, the percentage of water ranges from _____ in bones to _____ in brain cells!

A

20%
85%

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6
Q

The water content is greatest in ______ and decreases with age.

A

young cells

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7
Q

About _____ of your total body weight is water and about _____ of jellyfish and some plants is water!

A

70%
95%

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8
Q

Water (H2O) molecules form ______ with each other

It creates a sticky molecules

A

H-bonds

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9
Q

+H attracted to ______

A

-O

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10
Q

______ is more electronegative than ______.

A

Oxygen
hydrogen

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11
Q

Why the oxygen end of the water molecule has a partial negative charge, while the hydrogen end has a partial positive charge.

A

O atom hogs electron and keep them away from H atom

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12
Q

• hydrophilic: hydro means “_____,” and philic means “_____.”
• hydrophobic: phobic means “_____.”

A

Hydro - water
Philic - loving
Phobic - fearing

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13
Q

Properties of water (5)

A
  1. Cohesion and Adhesion
  2. Good solvent
  3. Lower density as a solid
  4. High specific heat
  5. High heat of vaporization
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14
Q

• H bonding between H2O molecules
• water is “sticky”
• surface tension
• drinking straw

A

Cohesion

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15
Q

• H bonding between H2O & other substances
• capillary action
• meniscus
• water climbs up paper towel or cloth

A

Adhesion

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16
Q

It is the solvent of life

A

Water

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17
Q

It makes water (H2O) a good solvent

A

Polarity

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18
Q

_____ dissolves ______ creating ______

A

Solvents
Solutes
Solutions

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19
Q

polar H2O molecules surround _______

A

+ & – ions

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20
Q

______ - Hydrogen bonds are stable
______ - hydrogen bonds constantly break and reform

A

Ice
Liquid water

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21
Q

What properties of water
• H2O resists changes in temperature
• high specific heat
• takes a lot to heat it up
• takes a lot to cool it down
• H2O moderates temperatures on Earth

A

High Specific Heat

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22
Q

Organic compounds are made up of ___________

A

Hydrocarbons
(Hydrogen and Carbon atoms)

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23
Q

Examples of organic compounds

A

DEET
Polyethylene
DNA

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24
Q

Four classes of biological macromolecules:

A

Proteins
 Lipids
Carbohydrates
Nucleic Acid

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25
Q

It is a very large molecules

A

Macromolecules

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26
Q

Examples of organic compounds

A

Proteins
Lipid (fats)
Carbohydrates
Nucleic acid

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27
Q

 Biological macromolecules are ____.
 They contain __________
Other elements: ____, _____, _____ & _____.

A

organic
hydrocarbons
oxygen,nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur.

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28
Q

Poly means _____

A

Many

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29
Q

Polymers are made up of _____

A

Monomers

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30
Q

Mono means _____

A

One

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31
Q

Examples of polymers (and the monomers that make it up)

A
  1. Proteins - Amino acid
  2. Lipid - Glycerol and Fatty acids
  3. Carbohydrates - Monosaccharides
  4. Nucleic acid - Nucleotides
  5. DNA - Nucleotides
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32
Q

Carbohydrates is made up of what elements

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

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33
Q

_____ - Main source of energy of the body.
_____ - is the simple sugar.

A

Monosaccharides

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34
Q

3 types of monosaccharides

A

Glucose
Galactose
Fructose

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35
Q

 Long term storage for energy.
 ________ - made up of glucose polymers

A

Complex Carbohydrates
Polysaccharides

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36
Q

Galactose + Glucose

A

Lactose

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37
Q

Glucose + Glucose

A

Maltose

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38
Q

Glucose + Fructose

A

Sucrose

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39
Q

3 types of disaccharides

A

Maltose
Lactose
Sucrose

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40
Q

_____ is a polysaccharide comprising glucose monomers.
Found in:
Grains (wheat, rice, corn, oats, barley)
Tubers such as potatoes are rich in starch.

A

Starch

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41
Q

 also a glucose polymer
Offers plant support
Energy storage
Makes up the cell wall
Food source for seeds and plant bulbs

A

Cellulose

42
Q

 A branched polymer made up of numerous glucose monomers.
Long-term energy storage found in the liver
Quickly broken down into glucose for immediate energy.

A

Glycogen

43
Q

Lipids are made up of

A

Carbon, Hydrogen and some Oxygen

44
Q

Function of Lipids

A

Waterproof
Insulate
Steroids
Energy
Cushion

45
Q

Examples of Lipids

A

Oil
Butter
Margarine

46
Q

 Made up of fatty acid monomers – Glycerides that have a Glycerol Backbone (Circled) and a Fatty Acid Tail(s)

A

Fat

47
Q

Glycerol Group with 3 Fatty Acid Chains

A

Triglycerides

48
Q

Proteins are made up of

A

C, H, O, N, and some S

49
Q

Function of proteins

A

Membrane
Enzymes
Antibodies
Non steroid hormones
Structural molecules

50
Q

Examples of proteins

A

Egg
Fish
Milk
Chicken

51
Q

The _____ of proteins determines its function

A

Shape

52
Q

Shapes of proteins

A

Amino acids
Peptide
Protein

53
Q

Proteins that are involved in creating PROTEINS.

A

Ribosomes

54
Q

__________ - Three dimensional folding pattern of a protein due to side chain interactions.

A

Tertiary Protein Structure

55
Q

_________ - sequence of a chain of amino acids.

A

Primary Protein Structure

56
Q

___________ - Protein consisting of more than one amino acid chain.

A

Quatenary Protein Structure

57
Q

__________ - hydrogen bonding of the peptide backbone causes the amino acids to fold into a repeating pattern

A

Secondary Protein Structure

58
Q
  1. Immune response
  2. Milk, nuts, seeds
  3. Muscles
  4. Catalyzes reaction in cells
  5. Insulin, growth, and hormone
  6. Tendons, cartilage, hair, nails
  7. Hemoglobin
A
  1. Protection
  2. Storage
  3. Contractile
  4. Enzymes
  5. Hormonal
  6. Structural
  7. Transport
59
Q

Types of proteins

A

Structural
Contractile
Transport
Storage
Hormonal
Enzymes
Protection

60
Q

• Chemical signaler protein produced in the pancreas
• Causes cells in the liver, muscle, and fat tissue to take up glucose from blood and convert it to glycogen that can be stored in the liver and muscles.

A

Insulin

61
Q

_______ is a condition when a person has high blood glucose (blood sugar),

A

Diabetes

62
Q

Proteins in red blood cells that carries oxygen.

A

Hemoglobin

63
Q

Low hemoglobin levels are associated with:

A

Kidney disease
Liver disease
Anema

64
Q

High hemoglobin levels are associated wit:

A

Chronic lung disease
Dehydration
Heart failure

65
Q

_______ are part of immune system. When foreign organisms enters the body, it find the invader and stick themselves into it.

A

Antibodies

66
Q

Speed up rate of chemical reactions ( a catalyst) by lowering the energy needed to begin the reaction.

A

Enzymes

67
Q

______ breaks down lactose

A

Lactase

68
Q

_____ breaks down amylose

A

Amylase

69
Q

_______ breaks down protein

A

Pepsin

70
Q

 Re-usable; molecule specific (______)

A

Lock and Key Model

71
Q

Four types of biochemical molecules

A

Carbohydrates
Lipid
Proteins
Nucleic acid

72
Q

2 Types of nucleic acid

A

Ribonucleic acid
Deoxyribonucleic acid

73
Q

Monomers of nucleic acid

A

Nucleotides

74
Q

Base and sugar of DNA & RNA

A

DNA • Base - Thymine
• Sugar - Deoxyribose

RNA • Base - Uracil
• Sugar - Ribose

75
Q

______ is the “information molecule”.
chromosomes are made up of thousands of shorter segments of DNA, called ______.
 gene stores the directions for making ______

A

DNA
genes
protein

76
Q

 DNA polymers direct the production of other polymers called _______.
 A chromosome consists of smaller segments called _____.
 Each gene is further divided into three nucleotide subsegments called ______.

A

proteins
genes
codons

77
Q

Biological function of DNA

A

Replication
Transcription
Translation

78
Q

 ______ serves as universal information-storage molecule for all forms of life.

A

DNA

79
Q

 Each nucleotide monomer is built from three simple molecular parts:

(Structure of DNA)

A

 Deoxyribose sugar,
 phosphate group, and
 Nitrogenous base

80
Q

Purine

A

Adenine
Guanine

81
Q

Pyrimidine

A

Cytosine
Thymine
Uracil

82
Q

It is a cyclical molecule

A

Deoxyribose

83
Q

 __________ is attached to the fourth carbon of the ring

 ________ is attached to the third carbon in the ring.

A

fifth carbon atom
hydroxyl group (-OH)

84
Q

sugar in all four nucleotides is called _______.
 is a phosphorous atom with four oxygen atoms bonded to it.

A

deoxyribose
phosphate group

85
Q

 Bonds in DNA polymers that connect the 5’ carbon of one nucleotide to the 3’ carbon of another nucleotide

A

Phosphodiester bonds

86
Q

• _______ ______ and is important for the copying of DNA
• two strands of the helix run in ______ directions

A

antiparallel orientation
opposite

87
Q

nucleotides forming each DNA strand are connected by _________.

A

hydrogen bonds

88
Q

Why A(adenine) are always hydrogen bonded to T(thymine) nucleotides?

A

Adenine (“A”) and Thymine (“T”) each have one donor and one acceptor.

89
Q

Why C(cytosine) are always hydrogen bonded to G(guanine) nucleotides?

A

Cytosine (“C”) has one donor and two acceptors, and Guanine (“G”) has one acceptor and two donors.

90
Q

This creates consistency in the nucleotide sequences of the two DNA polymers that join together to make a chromosome

A

complementary base pairing

91
Q

A DNA molecule has 180 base pairs and 20% adenine. How many cytosine nucleotides are present in this molecule of DNA?

A

180 × 2 = 360

30/100 = 0.3
0.3 × 360 = 108

92
Q

It functions in cellular protein synthesis

A

RNA

93
Q

Replaces DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) as a carrier of genetic codes in some viruses.

A

RNA

94
Q

 ______ = nitrogenous bases appended to a ribose sugar
RNA consists of ________

A

ribose nucleotides
ribose nucleotides

95
Q

 attached by phosphodiester bonds, forming strands of varying lengths

A

RNA

96
Q

The presence of a chemically reactive hydroxyl (−OH) group attached to the second carbon group in the ribose sugar molecule makes RNA prone to ________.

A

hydrolysis

97
Q

 _______ - transfer amino acids to ribosomes.

A

transfer RNA (tRNA)

98
Q

 ________ - makes up ribosome-protein factories of the cell

A

ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

99
Q

 ____________ - carries DNA message to ribosomes

A

messenger RNA (mRNA)

100
Q

Types of RNA

A

mRNA
tRNA
rRNA

101
Q

DNA to RNA to PROTEIN
What is this process called

A

Central dogma of biology

CMB (Lecture) (5 decks)

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