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CMB (Lecture) > Unit lV - Part 1 > Flashcards

Unit lV - Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Who first identified DNA?

A

Friedrich Miescher

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2
Q

While Friedrich Miescher studying white blood cells – molecule is slightly acidic, high percentage of phosphorous, later he called it “____”, changed to _________- deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA.

A

nuclein
nucleic acid

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3
Q

much higher phosphorous content and resistance to proteolysis (protein digestion)

A

Nuclein

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4
Q

__________ - nuclein

A

Friedrich Miescher (1869)

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5
Q

He discovered the three major components of a single nucleotide

A

Phoebus Levene
(Phosphate, sugar,base)

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6
Q

He said that nucleotide composition of DNA varies among species
(other DNA molecule)

A

Erwin Chargaff

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7
Q

x-ray crystallography

A

Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins

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8
Q

__________ - double stranded DNA, Nature in April 1953

______ : Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine

A

James Watson and English physicist Francis Crick (1950)

1962

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9
Q

The first scientists to formulate an accurate description of this molecule’s complex (DNA), double-helical structure

A

James Watson and Francis Crick

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10
Q

How did scientists determine that DNA is the hereditary material?

A

Groundbreaking experiments by Griffith, Avery, Hershey, and Chase disproved the notion that proteins were genetic material.

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11
Q

This process kills the virulent S-strain bacteria

A

Heating

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12
Q

A chemical substance from dead cells can transform living cells, true or false?

A

TRUE

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13
Q

They showed that DNA is the substance that Transforms Bacteria

A

Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty

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14
Q

Experimental principle used by Avery, MacLeod, and MacCarty to identify the _______

A

Transforming principle

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15
Q

_______ and ______ Provided Evidence that DNA is the Genetic Material of T2 Phage

A

Hershey and Chase

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16
Q

It is a substance that transforms bacteria

A

DNA

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17
Q

 most of the 35S isotope was found in the supernatant (sulfur found in protein)

 By comparison, only about 35% of the 32P was found in the supernatant ( Phosphate- found in DNA)

 Therefore, most of the DNA was located within the bacterial cells in the ________

A

pellet

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18
Q

 ______: DNA “Saga” began when Swiss biochemist _________ isolated Nuclein

A

1868
Friedrich Miescher

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19
Q

 ______: __________ - Tetranucleotide Hypothesis

A

1910
Phoebus Levene

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20
Q

 _______: _________ - Transforming Principle

A

1928
Griffith

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21
Q

 ________: ___________ - DNA is Transforming Principle

A

1944
Avery, MacLeod & McCarty

22
Q

 ________: _________ - A=T, G=C

A

1950
Chargaff’s Rules

23
Q

 _________: __________ - Blender Experiment

A

1952
A.D. Hershey & Martha Chase

24
Q

 _______: __________ - A Structure for DNA

A

1953
James Watson & Francis Crick

25
Q

_________________________
King’s College, London
Initially a nuclear physicist
1950: X-ray diffraction work on ram sperm and DNA from
With grad student _______ produced x-ray
photographs of DNA showing crystalline structure
These photographs, shown at a conference in Naples,
sparked James Watson’s interest in DNA

A

Maurice Wilkins
Raymond Gosling

26
Q

______________
• King’s College, London
“We realized that if DNA was the gene material, then we had just shown that genes could crystalize…”

A

Raymond Gosling

27
Q

_____________
Late 1950: Randall arranged for a three-year research fellowship that would fund Rosalind Franklin in his laboratory
● Needed expertise in interpreting x-ray images

● English physical chemist and xray crystallographer expert
● Previously worked on x-ray diffraction patterns in coal and carbon fiber technology in Paris

• Franklin was given Gosling as a grad student as well as Singers DNA
• She discovered 2 forms of DNA: A form (dehydrated) and B form (hydrated).
• opposed the idea of model building

A

● Rosalind Franklin

28
Q

In ______, _______ solved basic mathematics of ________ and proposed Wilkin’s x-ray diffraction data indicates a helical structure of DNA.

A

November 1951
Alec Strokes
helical diffraction theory

29
Q

__________
• Taken by Raymond Gosling in ______ under Franklin’s instruction
• in _________ James Watson visited King’s College and was shown this image by Wilkins.
• image pointed to a helical structure of B-form of DNA

A

Photograph 51
March 1952
1953

30
Q

Unlike Franklin and Watson who favored data collection, measurable results and interpretation, Watson and Crick utilized the _____________.

A

model building approach

31
Q

_____________
● American chemist, biochemist, peace activist
● Contributions to science include discovery of alpha helix and beta sheet structure of proteins, quantum chemistry resonance work and the discovery of sickle cell anemia as a molecular disease
● “The Nature of the Chemical Bond”
● Considered to be one of the 20 greatest scientists of all time.

A

Linus Pauling

32
Q

In early _____, Linus Pauling announced that he had discovered the structure of DNA

A

1953

33
Q

He proposed a 3-chain helix with a sugar phosphate backbone core and nucleic acid bases facing outward.

A

Linus Pauling

34
Q

Watson and Crick were bubbling at the fact that they had another chance to find out the structure of DNA
 Photograph of the double helix was shown to Watson by Wilkins
Spring 1953 Watson and Crick was given official orders to work structure of DNA again
They needed more information, they needed to figure out how the four components of DNA went together.
_________ was the key.

A

Erwin Chargaff

35
Q

He pioneered the paper chromatography of nucleic acids, using this to determine how much of each of the component nucleotides was contained in a DNA sample. He rapidly demolished Levene’s Tetranucleotide Hypothesis to discover his rule in ratios.

A

Erwin Chargaff

36
Q

WATSON AND CRICK’S STRUCTURE

  1. • 2 helical chains each coiled around the same ______
    • both chains are right handed
    • the chains are related by dyad perpendicular to fibre axis
    • each chains consist of phosphate diester groups
  2. • Residues in each chain every ____ A.
  3. • _____ between each adjacent residues in the same chain
  4. • structure repeats itself after ___ residues.

• Open structure with high water content
5. - bases _____ at low water content would compact it

A
  1. axis
  2. 3.4
  3. 36°
  4. 10
  5. Tilt
37
Q

Who took the definitive picture of DNA using x-rays?

A

Rosalind Franklin

38
Q

The name given to the shape of DNA is?

A

Double Helix

39
Q

Which scientists build a 3-D model of the DNA double helix?

A

James Watson and Francis Crick

40
Q

_______ is the sugar found in DNA

A

Deoxyribose

41
Q

DNA monomers are called

A

Nucleotides

42
Q

Before the divides, it duplicates its DNA in a copying process called ________

A

Replication

43
Q

 DNA is the “___________”.
 chromosomes are made up of thousands of shorter segments of DNA, called ______.
 gene stores the directions for making _____

A

• information molecule
• genes
• protein

44
Q

 _____ serves as universal information-storage molecule for all forms of life.
 DNA molecules are ______.
 DNA monomers are called _________.
 four nucleotide monomers
 Each nucleotide monomer is built from three simple molecular parts:


A

• DNA
• polymers
• nucleotides

         Deoxyribose sugar,  
         phosphate group, and 
         Nitrogenous base
45
Q

 _________ is a cyclical molecule.
 __________ is attached to the fourth carbon of the ring
 ________ attached to the third carbon in the ring.

A

• Deoxyribose
• fifth carbon atom
• hydroxyl group (-OH)

46
Q

 sugar and acid in all four monomers are the same.
 sugar in all four nucleotides is called _______.
 _________ is a phosphorous atom with four oxygen atoms bonded to it.
 phosphorous atom in phosphate has a marked tendency to bond to other oxygen atoms

A

• deoxyribose
• phosphate group

47
Q

This bonds in DNA polymers connect the 5’ carbon of one nucleotide to the 3’ carbon of another nucleotide

A

 Phosphodiester bonds

48
Q

__________ orientation and is important for the copying of DNA
two strands of the helix run in _______ directions
nucleotides forming each DNA strand are connected by ________.

A

• antiparallel
• opposite
• hydrogen bonds

49
Q

This creates consistency in the nucleotide sequences of the two DNA polymers that join together to make a chromosome

A

complementary base pairing

50
Q

 DNA polymers direct the production of other polymers called _________.
 A chromosome consists of smaller segments called _______.
 Each gene is further divided into three nucleotide subsegments called _______
 codon from the original DNA gene is matched with its corresponding ________.

A

• proteins
• genes
• codons
• amino acid

CMB (Lecture) (5 decks)

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