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CMB (Lecture) > Unit l - Introduction to Cell > Flashcards

Unit l - Introduction to Cell Flashcards

1
Q

What is cell?

A

 small, membrane-enclosed units  Filled with aqueous solution of chemicals
 Ability to multiply or divide
 Fundamental unit of life

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2
Q

Diversity of cells

A

 Cells vary enormously in appearance and function.
Size – Lactobacillus vs. Frog’s egg
Chemical reactions
Cellular activities

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3
Q

Similarity of cells

A

 Cells have similar basic chemistry.  Cells have genes, genetic instruction.
 Genes are stored in the DNA.
 genetic information flows:

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4
Q

Flow of genetic information

A

 from DNA to RNA (transcription);  and from RNA to protein (translation).

Replication - Transcription - Translation

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5
Q

Process of DNA making a copy of itself

A

Replication

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6
Q

Process of copying DNA into mRNA

A

Transcription

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7
Q

Process of protein synthesis from mRNA sequence

A

Translation

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8
Q

 Discovered cells while looking at a thin slice of cork.
 Cells as tiny boxes or a honeycomb.
 He thought that cells only existed in plants and fungi

A

Robert Hooke
1665

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9
Q

Pond scum was called ______

A

Animalcules

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10
Q

150-200 year gap, very few cell theory advancements were made because of ________

A

Spontaneous Generation

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11
Q

Example of Spontaneous Generation

A

Mice from dirty clothes/corn husks Maggots from rotting meat

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12
Q

used a handmade microscope to observe pond scum (single-celled organisms)
 Pond scum was called “ animalcules”
Observed blood cells from fish,birds, frogs, dogs, and humans. Cells are found both in animals and plants.

A

1673
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

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13
Q

 ________ (_____), discovery of nucleus.
 An opaque spot in cells of epidermis of orchids.
 Then observed other cells.
 ________ -random motion of particles.
Noticed that pollen grains in water jiggled called _______

A

Robert Brown (1831)
Brownian motion

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14
Q

______________ (_____) Coined the term “protoplasm” to describe the contents of the cell
Nucleus in bird’s egg, sweat galnds in the skin, nerve cells, muscle fiber.
Used on fingerprints
Describe the movement cilia
Use of microtome

A

Johannes Purkinje, Czech (1839)

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15
Q

Spontaneous Generation disproved by __________ during ________

A

Louis Pasteur during 19th century advancement

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16
Q

Very few cell theory advancement were made because of _________ with a year gap of _____-_____

A

Spontaneous Generation
150-200 year gap

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17
Q

The term cell was delivered from latin word _____ meaning ______

A

Cella
A little room

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18
Q

Robert Hooke explained his work in a book, namely, ______

A

Micrographia

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19
Q

• He was the father of Microbiology
• He observed free living cells in pondwater

A

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

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20
Q

Johannes Purkinje, Czech coined the term ______

A

Protoplasm (the cytoplasm and nucleus)

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21
Q

The cell theory was proposed by _______ and ______

A

Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann

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22
Q

_______ was first to observe cells have a thin outer layer which we now call as ________

A

Theodor Schwann
Plasma membrane

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23
Q

It denotes that all plants and animals are consist of cells and that the cell is the basic unit of life

A

Cell theory

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24
Q

The concept of cell arising from pre existing cell was started by virchow as _________

A

Omnis cellula e cellula

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25
Q

He invented the electronmicroscope which enables to see the complex structure of the cell

A

Vladimir Zworykin

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26
Q

Cells have certain common structure, these are

All cells have certain structures in common.

A

Genetic material
Cytoplasm
Plasma membrane

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27
Q

Characteristics of a cell

A

Cell Membrane
Ribosomes
Cytoplasm
Cells contain DNA
Found in the nucleus
Cells are independent units of life

28
Q

Two basic types of cells

A

Prokaryotic cells
Eukaryotic cells

29
Q

• Region of cytoplasm where prokaryote’s genome/ DNA is located.
• Usually a singular, circular chromosome.

A

Nucleoid

30
Q

• Small extra piece of chromosome/genetic material.
• 5 - 100 genes

A

Plasmid

31
Q

• Also known as proto-plasm.
• Gel-like matrix of water, enzymes, nutrients, wastes, and gases and contains cell structures.
• Location of growth, metabolism, and replication.

A

Cytoplasm

32
Q

• Bacteria’s way of storing nutrients. • Staining of some granules aids in identification.

A

Granules

33
Q

__________ is thought to be a feature only of eukaryotes.
Discovery of ________ is a major advancement in the study of prokaryotes.

A

Cytoskeleton

34
Q

Separates the cell from its environment.
Phospholipid bilayer

_________ - water fearing
_________ - water loving
Membrane is ___________

A

Plasma membrane
Hydrophobic
Hydrophilic
Semi - permeable

35
Q

Cell wall of prokaryotes

A

Gram positive - peptidoglycan cell wall
Gram negative - lipopolysaccharide cell wall

36
Q

Surface appendages

A

Flagella
Axial filament
Fimbriae
Pili

37
Q

Long, thin extensions

A

Flagella

38
Q

Wind around bacteria, causing movement in waves

A

Axial filament

39
Q

• short, fine appendages around the cell.
• No role in motility

A

Fimbriae

40
Q

Tubes that are longer than fimbriae but shorter than flagella.

A

Pili

41
Q

Cell shapes of prokaryotic cell

A
  1. Bacillus
  2. Cocus
  3. Spiral shaped (spirillum, spirochete)

Coccobacilli
Filamentous
Vibrios
Fusiform

42
Q
  1. Sherical shape
  2. rod shape
  3. Spiral shape
    a. Spiral with flexible cell wall, axial filament
    b. Spiral with rigid cell wall, flagella
A
  1. Coccus
  2. Bacillus
  3. Spiral
    a. Spirochete
    b. Spirillum
43
Q

• __________ = bacilli that occur in long threads
• _________ = elongated coccal form
• _________ = bacilli with tapered ends
• ________ = short, slightly curved rods

A
  1. Filamentous
  2. Coccobacilli
  3. Fusiform
  4. Vibrios
44
Q

Characteristics of prokaryotes

A

does not have a nucleus
single celled organisms
have few organelles
perform few functions
Eat
Respire
Reproduce
smaller than other cells
Bacteria are the only known prokaryotes

45
Q

Characteristics of a virus

A

• are not made of cells
• need a host cell to reproduce
• A virus is very small compared to a cell.
• Like cells, viruses contain nucleic acids

46
Q

Characteristics of Eukaryotes

A

has a nucleus
can be single or multicellular have many organelles, performing complex functions
specialized to perform specific functions
larger than prokaryotic cells Animals, plants, fungi and protists are made of eukaryotic cells

47
Q

• Nickname: “The Control Center”
• Function: holds the DNA

A

Nucleus

48
Q

It consist of:
Cytosol - liquid portion
Organelles - specialized cellular compartments
Inclusions - chemical substances
Glycogen - (muscle and liver cells)
Lipid droplets - (fat cells)
Melanin granules - (skin and hair cells)

A

Cytoplasm

49
Q

Nickname: “The Powerhouse” Function: Energy formation
Breaks down food to make ATP ATP: is the major fuel for all cell activities that require energy

A

Mitochondria

50
Q

• Function: makes proteins
• Found in all cells, prokaryotic and eukaryotic

A

Ribosomes

51
Q

It is composed of rRNA and protein

A

Ribosomes

52
Q

__________ – synthesize proteins that function within the cell

__________ – synthesize proteins incorporated into cell membranes

A

Free ribosomes
Attached ribosomes

53
Q

________ – network of rods that support the cell

A

Cytoskeleton

54
Q

• ________ – thick rods composed of tubulin.

Eg. centrioles
• _________ – thin filaments composed of actin
• _________ – tough protein fibers

A

Microtubules
Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments

55
Q

• fingerlike projections of the plasma membrane;
• increase surface area for absorption

Example: ______

A

Microvilli
ex: intestine

56
Q

• short hair-like projections;
propel substances over surface of cell

Example: ________

A

Cilia
ex: respiratory tract

57
Q

long hair-like projections; propel the cell

ex: _____

A

Flagella
Sperm cell

58
Q

Nickname: “Roads”
Function: The internal delivery system of the cell

2 Types: _________

A

Endoplasmic reticulum
Rough ER
Smooth ER

59
Q

Nickname: The shippers
Function: packages, modifies, and transports materials to different location inside/outside of the cell
Appearance: stack of pancakes

A

Golgi Apparatus

60
Q

 Nickname: “Clean-up Crews”
Function: to break down food into particles the rest of the cell can use and to destroy old cells.

A

Lysosomes

61
Q

 membranous sacs of oxidase & catalase enzymes;
 detoxify alcohol & neutralize dangerous free radicals.

A

Peroxisomes

62
Q

Characteristics of plant cells

A

Have a cell wall and cell membranes
Have a large vacuole unlike the animal cell which only has small vacuoles
Have mitochondria to convert sugar to usable energy for the cell
Have a few lysosomes
Are more rectangular in shape
Have chloroplasts to carry out photosynthesis
Make sugar to store solar energy

63
Q

Function: stores water
This is what makes lettuce crisp
When there is no water, the plant wilts

A

Vacuoles

64
Q

Function: traps energy from the sun to produce food for the plant cell
Green in color because of chlorophyll, which is a green pigment

A

Chloroplast

65
Q

Function: provides support and protection to the cell membrane
Found outside the cell membrane in plant cells

A

Cell wall

66
Q

Summary of differences of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

A

…

67
Q

It is the major fuel for all cell activities that require energy

A

ATP

CMB (Lecture) (5 decks)

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