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Bio 4: Microbiology > UNIT IV:Classification > Flashcards

UNIT IV:Classification Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The science of classifying organisms

A

Taxonomy

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2
Q

The science of classifying organisms ACCORDING TO THEIR NATURAL RELATIONSHIPS

A

Phylogeny/Systematics

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3
Q

He introduced the formal System of Classification with Two Kingdoms

A

Linnaeus

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4
Q

He introduced the formal System of Classification with Two Kingdoms

A

Linnaeus

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5
Q

Proposed that bacteria and fungi be placed in Plantae

A

Nägeli

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6
Q

Proposed Three Kingdom System; addition of Kingdom Protista

A

Haeckel

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7
Q

Six Kingdoms proposed by Woese and Fox

A

Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

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8
Q

Common denominator of three Domains (Bacteria, Archaea, Eukaryotes)

A

Ribosomes and Plasma

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9
Q

Project aiming to identify and record every species of life on earth in the next 25 years

A

All Species Inventory

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10
Q

Domain that includes plants, animals, protists and Fungi

A

Eukarya/Eukaryotes

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11
Q

[Domain] Includes pathogenic and non-pathogenic prokaryotes; has peptidoglycan cell walls

A

Bacteria

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12
Q

[Domain] Prokaryotes that do not have peptidoglycan in their cell wall; often live in extreme environments

A

Archaea

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13
Q

Strict anaerobes that produce methane from CO2 ans Hydrogen

A

Methanogens

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14
Q

Microorganisms that require high Concentration of Salt for survival

A

Extreme Halophiles

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15
Q

Microorganisms that normally grows in extremely hot environment

A

Hyperthermophiles

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16
Q

Explain Endosymbiotic Theory

A

Eukaryotic cells evolved from Prokaryotic Cells living inside one another as endosymbionts

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17
Q

Form of Classification established by Linnaeus

A

Taxonomic Hierarchy/ Hierarchical system of Classification

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18
Q

A level of grouping in the Taxonomic Hierarchy

A

Taxon/ Taxa

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19
Q

Method in which organisms are grouped based purely on inferred evolutionary relatedness, ignoring morphological similarity

A

Phylogenetic Taxonomy

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20
Q

A population of closely related interbreeding individuals

A

Species

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21
Q

A Group of genetically related species

A

Genus/Genera

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22
Q

Genera with Similar traits

A

Family

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23
Q

Families with Common Characteristics

A

Order/s

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24
Q

Orders with similar characteristics

A

Classes

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25
Q

Related classes

A

Phylum/Phyla

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26
Q

Related Phylas

A

Kingdom

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27
Q

Highest/Most Inclusive level in the Taxonomic Hierarchy

A

Domain

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28
Q

A population of cells with similar characteristics

A

Prokaryotic Species

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29
Q

Standard reference on bacterial classification

A

Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology

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30
Q

Grown in laboratory media

A

Culture

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31
Q

A population of cell derived from a single cell

A

Clone

32
Q

Group of bacteria derived from a single cell; usually identified by numbers, letters, or names that follow the specific epithet

A

Strain

33
Q

distinct variation within a species of bacteria or virus or among immune cells of different individuals.

A

Serotype/Serovar

34
Q

A catchall kingdom for eukaryotic organisms that do not fit other kingdoms

A

Protists

35
Q

Chemoheterotrophic organisms with cell wall made of chitin

A

Fungi

36
Q

Kingdom of Multicellular organisms that have no cell walls; Chemoheterotrophic

A

Animalia

37
Q

Kingdom of Multicellular organisms with cell walls made of cellulose

A

Plantae

38
Q

A group of organisms that consists of a common ancestor and all its lineal descent

A

Clade/Monophyletic group

39
Q

Method of classifying organisms into groups of species called clades

A

Cladistics

40
Q

Population of viruses with similar characteristics

A

Viral species

41
Q

Placing organisms in groups of related species

A

Classification

42
Q

Matching characteristics of an unknown organism to lists of known organisms

A

Identification

43
Q

Branch of microbiology dealing with human pathogens

A

Medical Microbiology

44
Q

Not nutritive; designed to prolong viability of fastidious organisms during transport

A

Transport media/medium

45
Q

Determines the presence of bacterial enzymes

A

Biochemical tests

46
Q

Designed to perform several biochemical tests simultaneously

A

Numerical Rapid Identification

47
Q

Available for some medically important bacteria through protein extraction and mass spectrometry

A

Automated rapid identification

48
Q

Science that study blood serum and immune responses that are evident in serum

A

Serology

49
Q

Strains with different antigens are called

A

Serotypes/Serovars/biovars

50
Q

Can differentiate not only among microbial species, but also among strains within species

A

Serological testing

51
Q

Solutions of antibodies used in identification of microorganisms

A

Antiserum/antisera

52
Q

Procedure where samples of unknown bacterium are added with different known antiserum to determine their agglutination response

A

Slide agglutination test

53
Q

Used to detect the presence of antibodies; where antibodies are placed in the wells of microplate and reacts with bacteria

A

Enzyme-linked Immunoabsorbent Assay (ELISA)

54
Q

Used to identify antibodies in a patient’s serum; proteins are seperated by electrophoresis

A

Western blotting

55
Q

Identification of bacterial species and strains by determining their susceptibility to various phages

A

Phage Typing

56
Q

Are bacterial viruses that usually cause lysis of the bacterial cells they infect

A

Bacteriophages

57
Q

Used to identify bacteria in a sample without cukturing. Measures physical and chemical characteristics of cells

A

Flow cytometry

58
Q

FAME widely used in clinical and public health laboratories

A

Fatty Acid methyl ester

59
Q

Systems designed to separate and compare fatty acids with known fatty acid profiles of other organisms

A

Fatty Acid Profiles

60
Q

Technique used to make millions of copies of a particular section of DNA

A

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

61
Q

uses an organism’s DNA base composition to draw conclusions about relatedness. This base composition is usually expressed as the percentage of guanine plus cytosine (G + C).

A

DNA Sequencing

62
Q

produced by restriction enzymes are used to determine genetic similarities.

A

DNA Fingerprints

63
Q

The sequence of bases in ribosomal RNA can be used in the classification of organisms.

A

Ribotyping / rRNA sequencing

64
Q

three types of rRNA molecule

A

23S, 16S, 5S

65
Q

____ rRNA gene sequencing has become prevalent inmedical microbiologyas a rapid and cheap alternative tophenotypicmethods of bacterial identification

A

16S

66
Q

separated DNA strands from two different organisms, it is possible to determine the extent of similarity between the base sequences of the two organisms

A

Nucleic Acid Hybridization

67
Q

Used to detect specific DNA; uses a DNA probe to identify bacteria

A

Southern Blotting

68
Q

can quickly detect a pathogen in a host or the environment by identifying a gene that is unique to that pathogen; composed of DNA probes

A

DNA Chip or Microarray

69
Q

used to determine the identity, abundance, and relative activity of microorganisms in an environment and can be used to detect bacteria that have not yet been cultured. Uses a technique called fluorescent in situ hybridization

A

Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization (FISH)

70
Q

used to amplify a small amount of microbial DNA in a sample

A

Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests (NAATs)

71
Q

a variation of thepolymerase chain reactionthat typically measures RNA expression levels. Complementary DNA (cDNA) is made byreversetranscribing of the RNA templates with the enzymereversetranscriptase.

A

Reverse Transcriptase PCR/ RT-PCR

72
Q

couples amplification of a target DNA sequence with quantification of the concentration of that DNA species in the reaction.

A

qPCR/real-time PCR

73
Q

Identification based on successive questions, and each question has two possible answers.

A

Dichotomous Key

74
Q

is a depiction of patterns of shared characteristics among taxa

A

Cladogram

75
Q

Is a grouping that consists of an ancestral species and some, but not all of the descendants

A

Paraphyletic clade

76
Q

Includes numerous types of organisms that lack a common ancestor

A

polyphyletic grouping

Bio 4: Microbiology (5 decks)

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