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BIOL 102_GENERAL ZOOLOGY > UNIT III_THE THEORY OF EVOLUTION BY NATURAL SELECTION > Flashcards

UNIT III_THE THEORY OF EVOLUTION BY NATURAL SELECTION Flashcards

1
Q

What are the thoughts usually inclined with evolution?

A
  1. Only the strong survive

2. Survival of the fittest

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2
Q

How is genetic variation passed on?

A

Through reproduction

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3
Q

Natural selection leads to ___

A

Evolution

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4
Q

1821 at age 22, Darwin joined the crew of the ___ as a naturalist for a 5-year voyage.

A

H.M.S. Beagle

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5
Q

What did Darwin’s travels reveal?

A
  1. The diversity of living species was far greater than anyone previously known.
  2. These observations led him to develop the theory of evolution.
  3. The processes that have transformed life on earth from its earliest forms to a vast diversity
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6
Q

(1) What are the definitions of evolution?

A
  1. The process by which different kinds of living organisms are thought to have developed and diversified from earlier forms during the history of the earth.
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7
Q

(2) What are the definitions of evolution?

A
  1. The gradual development of something, especially from a simple to a more complex form.
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8
Q

(3) What are the definitions of evolution?

A
  1. Any change in the heritable traits within a population across generations.
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9
Q

(4) What are the definitions of evolution?

A
  1. Results in new species
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10
Q

What are Darwin’s observations?

A
  1. Life is diverse.
  2. Fossils
  3. Galapagos Island
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11
Q

What do you call the preserved remains of once-living organisms?

A

Fossils

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12
Q

These islands are very close together but have very different climates - has its own unique assortment of plant and animal.

A

Galapagos Island

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13
Q

On the desert-like Hood island, the neck of the tortoises are?

A

Long necks

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14
Q

On the lush rainforest of Isabela Island, the neck of the tortoises are?

A

Short necks

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15
Q

On Pinta Island, the neck of the tortoises are?

A

Between long and short

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16
Q

Whose Ideas shaped Darwin’s Thinking?

A
  1. James Hutton
  2. Charles Lyell
  3. Thomas Malthus
  4. John-Bapiste Lamarck
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17
Q

Who proposed that the earth was shaped by geological forces which occurred over very long periods of time?

A

James Hutton (1785)

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18
Q

Who proposed the theory of uniformitarianism which states that changes in the earth’s crust during geological history have resulted from the action of continuous and uniform processes?
-geological processes that shaped the earth are still occurring now.

A

Charles Lyell (1797-1875)

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19
Q

Who observed that the birth rate far surpassed death rate and stated that famine, disease, and war were necessary for population control?

A

Thomas Malthus

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20
Q

He is the first to propose a scientific theory for the way life changed over time - suggested that all life descended from a common ancestor.

A

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

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21
Q

He proposed that through the selective use and disuse of organs, organisms could gain or lose traits.

A

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

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22
Q

What was wrong with Lamarck’s Theory?

A
  1. Didn’t know about genes and how traits are inherited.

2. Acquired traits cannot be passed on.

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23
Q

What is right about Lamarck’s Theory?

A
  1. First to develop a scientific hypothesis about the evolution
  2. Recognized that organisms are adapted to their environments.
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24
Q

He published an essay describing his work in Malaysia and outlining the same ideas that Darwin had for 25 years.

A

Alfred Russel Wallace

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25
Q

What is the mechanism for evolution?

A

Natural Selection

26
Q

This is the selection by humans for breeding useful traits from the natural variation among different organisms.

A

Artificial Selection

27
Q

What are the concepts inside Natural Selection?

A
  1. Genetic variation is found naturally in all populations.
  2. The environment presents certain challenges.
  3. Some variation is more favorable; some are not
  4. Individuals with favorable traits will survive.
  5. The favorable variation will become more common in the population.
28
Q

The ability to survive and reproduce is called?

A

Fitness

29
Q

Any inherited characteristic that increases an organism’s chance of survival is called?

A

Adaptation

30
Q

It suggests that each species has descended with changes from other species over time - all species living and extinct share a common ancestor.

A

Descent with Modification

31
Q

What are the Evidences for Evolution?

A
  1. The Fossil Record
  2. Geographical Distribution
  3. Homologous Body Structures
  4. Embryology
32
Q

What is the first transitional specimen between fish and land-dwelling tetrapods?

A

Tiktaalik

33
Q

Darwin thought that the Galapagos finches could have descended with modification from a common mainland ancestor

A

Geographic Distribution

34
Q

Structures that have different mature forms, but develop from the same embryonic tissue

A

Homologous Body Structures

35
Q

These have similar morphology, embryology, and anatomy but are dissimilar in functions.

A

Homologous Structures

36
Q

The structures in different species which perform the same function have similar appearance and structure but are not evolved together - do not share a common ancestor.

A

Analogous Structures

37
Q

The organs that reduced in size because it does not serve important functions are called?

A

Vestigial organs

38
Q

Similarities of embryos provide evidence of a common ancestor this is called?

A

Embryology

39
Q

What are the Patterns of Evolution?

A
  1. Extinction
  2. Adaptive Radiation
  3. Convergent Evolution
  4. Coevolution
  5. Gradualism vs Punctuated Equilibrium
40
Q

It refers to large scale evolutionary patterns and processes that occur over long periods of time.

A

Macroevolution

41
Q

When large numbers of species disappear

A

Mass Extinction

42
Q

A process by which a single species or a small group of species evolves into several different forms that live in different ways.

A

Adaptive Radiation

43
Q

A process by which unrelated organisms come to resemble one another due to living in similar environments.

A

Convergent Evolution

44
Q

A process when organisms that are closely connected to one another by ecological interactions evolve together.

A

Coevolution

45
Q

Darwin felt that biological change was slow and steady which is known as

A

Gradualism

46
Q

Divergence in the structural or functional characteristics from the species or population norm or average

A

Variation

47
Q

The differential reproductive success of individual organisms changes the genetic traits of a population and this process is called?

A

Natural Selection

48
Q

What is the raw material for Natural Selection?

A

Genetic Variation

49
Q

Darwin’s Observation 1:

A

Left unchecked, the number of organisms of each species will increase exponentially from generation to generation

50
Q

Darwin’s Observation 2:

A

In nature, populations tend to remain stable in size.

51
Q

Darwin’s Observation 3:

A

Environmental resources are limited.

52
Q

Darwin’s Observation 4:

A

Individuals of a population vary extensively in their characteristics with no two individuals being exactly alike.

53
Q

Darwin’s Observation 5:

A

Much of this variation between individuals is heritable

54
Q

The differential reproduction and survival of alternative heredity variants

A

Natural Selection

55
Q

A gradual process by which heritable traits become either more or less common in a population because of pressures from the environment.

A

Natural Selection

56
Q

It may be due to differences in survival, fertility, rate of development, mating success or any other aspect of the life cycle.

A

Selection

57
Q

A natural selection operating on factors that contribute to an organisms’ mating success.

A

Sexual selection

58
Q

What are the modes of selection?

A
  1. Disruptive Selection/Diversifying
  2. Stabilizing Selection
  3. Directional Selection
59
Q

A selection that increases the frequencies of both extremes - can split a population into two phenotypes with few intermediate forms.

A

Disruptive Selection/Diversifying

60
Q

A selection that favours organisms with values close to the population mean - little or no change takes place - reduce the number of individuals with extreme phenotypes

A

Stabilizing Selection

61
Q

A selection that moves the mean of the population toward one extreme - move from the older type to the newer type over time - individuals with more extreme form of a trait have greater fitness than individuals ith an average form of the trait.

A

Directional Selection

62
Q

Natural Selection is the result of four features of living systems:

A
  1. variation
  2. inheritance
  3. selection
  4. time

BIOL 102_GENERAL ZOOLOGY (4 decks)

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