Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

BIOL 102_GENERAL ZOOLOGY > UNIT III_THE THEORY OF EVOLUTION BY NATURAL SELECTION > Flashcards

UNIT III_THE THEORY OF EVOLUTION BY NATURAL SELECTION Flashcards

1
Q

What are the thoughts usually inclined with evolution?

A
  1. Only the strong survive

2. Survival of the fittest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How is genetic variation passed on?

A

Through reproduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Natural selection leads to ___

A

Evolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

1821 at age 22, Darwin joined the crew of the ___ as a naturalist for a 5-year voyage.

A

H.M.S. Beagle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What did Darwin’s travels reveal?

A
  1. The diversity of living species was far greater than anyone previously known.
  2. These observations led him to develop the theory of evolution.
  3. The processes that have transformed life on earth from its earliest forms to a vast diversity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

(1) What are the definitions of evolution?

A
  1. The process by which different kinds of living organisms are thought to have developed and diversified from earlier forms during the history of the earth.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

(2) What are the definitions of evolution?

A
  1. The gradual development of something, especially from a simple to a more complex form.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

(3) What are the definitions of evolution?

A
  1. Any change in the heritable traits within a population across generations.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

(4) What are the definitions of evolution?

A
  1. Results in new species
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are Darwin’s observations?

A
  1. Life is diverse.
  2. Fossils
  3. Galapagos Island
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What do you call the preserved remains of once-living organisms?

A

Fossils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

These islands are very close together but have very different climates - has its own unique assortment of plant and animal.

A

Galapagos Island

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

On the desert-like Hood island, the neck of the tortoises are?

A

Long necks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

On the lush rainforest of Isabela Island, the neck of the tortoises are?

A

Short necks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

On Pinta Island, the neck of the tortoises are?

A

Between long and short

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Whose Ideas shaped Darwin’s Thinking?

A
  1. James Hutton
  2. Charles Lyell
  3. Thomas Malthus
  4. John-Bapiste Lamarck
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Who proposed that the earth was shaped by geological forces which occurred over very long periods of time?

A

James Hutton (1785)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Who proposed the theory of uniformitarianism which states that changes in the earth’s crust during geological history have resulted from the action of continuous and uniform processes?
-geological processes that shaped the earth are still occurring now.

A

Charles Lyell (1797-1875)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Who observed that the birth rate far surpassed death rate and stated that famine, disease, and war were necessary for population control?

A

Thomas Malthus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

He is the first to propose a scientific theory for the way life changed over time - suggested that all life descended from a common ancestor.

A

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

He proposed that through the selective use and disuse of organs, organisms could gain or lose traits.

A

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What was wrong with Lamarck’s Theory?

A
  1. Didn’t know about genes and how traits are inherited.

2. Acquired traits cannot be passed on.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is right about Lamarck’s Theory?

A
  1. First to develop a scientific hypothesis about the evolution
  2. Recognized that organisms are adapted to their environments.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

He published an essay describing his work in Malaysia and outlining the same ideas that Darwin had for 25 years.

A

Alfred Russel Wallace

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is the mechanism for evolution?
Natural Selection
26
This is the selection by humans for breeding useful traits from the natural variation among different organisms.
Artificial Selection
27
What are the concepts inside Natural Selection?
1. Genetic variation is found naturally in all populations. 2. The environment presents certain challenges. 3. Some variation is more favorable; some are not 4. Individuals with favorable traits will survive. 5. The favorable variation will become more common in the population.
28
The ability to survive and reproduce is called?
Fitness
29
Any inherited characteristic that increases an organism's chance of survival is called?
Adaptation
30
It suggests that each species has descended with changes from other species over time - all species living and extinct share a common ancestor.
Descent with Modification
31
What are the Evidences for Evolution?
1. The Fossil Record 2. Geographical Distribution 3. Homologous Body Structures 4. Embryology
32
What is the first transitional specimen between fish and land-dwelling tetrapods?
Tiktaalik
33
Darwin thought that the Galapagos finches could have descended with modification from a common mainland ancestor
Geographic Distribution
34
Structures that have different mature forms, but develop from the same embryonic tissue
Homologous Body Structures
35
These have similar morphology, embryology, and anatomy but are dissimilar in functions.
Homologous Structures
36
The structures in different species which perform the same function have similar appearance and structure but are not evolved together - do not share a common ancestor.
Analogous Structures
37
The organs that reduced in size because it does not serve important functions are called?
Vestigial organs
38
Similarities of embryos provide evidence of a common ancestor this is called?
Embryology
39
What are the Patterns of Evolution?
1. Extinction 2. Adaptive Radiation 3. Convergent Evolution 4. Coevolution 5. Gradualism vs Punctuated Equilibrium
40
It refers to large scale evolutionary patterns and processes that occur over long periods of time.
Macroevolution
41
When large numbers of species disappear
Mass Extinction
42
A process by which a single species or a small group of species evolves into several different forms that live in different ways.
Adaptive Radiation
43
A process by which unrelated organisms come to resemble one another due to living in similar environments.
Convergent Evolution
44
A process when organisms that are closely connected to one another by ecological interactions evolve together.
Coevolution
45
Darwin felt that biological change was slow and steady which is known as
Gradualism
46
Divergence in the structural or functional characteristics from the species or population norm or average
Variation
47
The differential reproductive success of individual organisms changes the genetic traits of a population and this process is called?
Natural Selection
48
What is the raw material for Natural Selection?
Genetic Variation
49
Darwin's Observation 1:
Left unchecked, the number of organisms of each species will increase exponentially from generation to generation
50
Darwin's Observation 2:
In nature, populations tend to remain stable in size.
51
Darwin's Observation 3:
Environmental resources are limited.
52
Darwin's Observation 4:
Individuals of a population vary extensively in their characteristics with no two individuals being exactly alike.
53
Darwin's Observation 5:
Much of this variation between individuals is heritable
54
The differential reproduction and survival of alternative heredity variants
Natural Selection
55
A gradual process by which heritable traits become either more or less common in a population because of pressures from the environment.
Natural Selection
56
It may be due to differences in survival, fertility, rate of development, mating success or any other aspect of the life cycle.
Selection
57
A natural selection operating on factors that contribute to an organisms' mating success.
Sexual selection
58
What are the modes of selection?
1. Disruptive Selection/Diversifying 2. Stabilizing Selection 3. Directional Selection
59
A selection that increases the frequencies of both extremes - can split a population into two phenotypes with few intermediate forms.
Disruptive Selection/Diversifying
60
A selection that favours organisms with values close to the population mean - little or no change takes place - reduce the number of individuals with extreme phenotypes
Stabilizing Selection
61
A selection that moves the mean of the population toward one extreme - move from the older type to the newer type over time - individuals with more extreme form of a trait have greater fitness than individuals ith an average form of the trait.
Directional Selection
62
Natural Selection is the result of four features of living systems:
1. variation 2. inheritance 3. selection 4. time

BIOL 102_GENERAL ZOOLOGY (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions