UNIT III_CELL DIVISION AND OVERVIEW OF ANIMAL INHERITANCE/GENETICS

Question 1

This is a series of events that take place in a cell as it grows and divides

Answer 1

Cell cycle

Question 2

The cell spends most of its time in what phase?

Answer 2

Interphase

Question 3

A cell division of somatic cells undergoes self-cloning in which a cell duplicates into two genetically identical daughter cells

Answer 3

Mitosis

Question 4

What are the phases of Mitosis?

Answer 4

1. Prophase
2. Metaphase
3. Anaphase
4. Telophase

Question 5

Chromosome shortens or condenses in this phase - centrioles move to the opposite sides of the cell -nuclear membrane breakdown - the nucleolus disappears - mitotic spindle begins to form

Answer 5

Prophase

Question 6

Proteins attach to centromeres creating kinetochores - microtubules attach at kinetochores - connect the centromere to the centrioles - chromosome begins moving

Answer 6

Prometaphase

Question 7

Chromosomes line up along the center of the cell - centromeres now attach to spindle fibers - spindle apparatus is clearly visible

Answer 7

Metaphase

Question 8

Phase of migration - spindle apparatus begins to break down and the centromeres break up - separates chromosome copies

Answer 8

Anaphase

Question 9

Phase of reconstruction - end results into two separate nuclei - chromosomes arrive at the opposite poles - spindle apparatus completely disappears - nuclear envelope forms around both sets of chromosomes

Answer 9

Telophase

Question 10

This is the division of the cytoplasm forming two separate daughter cells

Answer 10

Cytokinesis

Question 11

What do you call the center of the cell?

Answer 11

Metaphase plate

Question 12

In animal cell, the membrane pinched together to form a?

Answer 12

Cleavage furrow

Question 13

In plant cell, what should be formed in order to separate two daughter cells?

Answer 13

Cell wall

Question 14

What do you call the nuclear division that reduces the number of chromosomes in a cell?

Answer 14

Meiosis

Question 15

What nuclear division results to 4 haploid cells?

Answer 15

Meiosis

Question 16

What separates the homologous chromosomes?

Answer 16

Meiosis I

Question 17

Cells prepare for division in what phase?

Answer 17

Interphase

Question 18

In Prophase I, the homologous chromosomes come together intimately and form ___ which is the connecting of homologous chromosomes to form tetrads

Answer 18

Synapse (Synapsis)

Question 19

What do you call the process resulting from the intertwining of the sister chromatids and homologous pairs swap pieces of chromosomes?

Answer 19

Crossing-over

Question 20

Process which creates completely new combination of traits

Answer 20

Crossing-over

Question 21

What phase do synapsis and crossing-over occur?

Answer 21

Prophase I

Question 22

A phase where each homologous chromosome is pulled to the opposite sides - centromeres do not break and the sister chromatids of each chromosome remain attached

Answer 22

Anaphase I

Question 23

What is the product of Meiosis I?

Answer 23

2 haploid cells

Question 24

What is the product of Meiosis II?

Answer 24

4 haploid cells (sex cells)

Question 25

What are the phases of Meiosis II?

Answer 25

1. Prophase II 2. Metaphase II 3. Anaphase II 4. Telophase II

Question 26

It is a branch of biology that deals with the principles of heredity and variation in all living things

Answer 26

Genetics

Question 27

Who studied the inheritance of traits in pea plants and discovered that hereditary characteristics were determined by genes transmitted between generations?

Answer 27

Gregor Johann Mendel (1822-1884)

Question 28

He made the Laws of Inheritance and is the Father of Genetics

Answer 28

Gregor Johann Mendel

Question 29

Mendel stated that physical traits are inherited as "particles" - these were actually chromosomes and DNA

Answer 29

Particulate Inheritance

Question 30

It refers to any characteristic that can be passed from parent to offspring

Answer 30

Trait

Question 31

It is the passing of traits from parent to offspring

Answer 31

Heredity

Question 32

What are the reasons why Mendel chose to work with peas?

Answer 32

1. Native in Meditteranean region 2. Easy to cultivate 3. Short Life cycle 4. Many variables available commercially 5. Easy to manipulate

Question 33

What are Mendel's Principle of Inheritance?

Answer 33

1. Inherited characters are transmitted by genes which occur in pairs called alleles. 2. Principle of Dominance 3. Principle of Segregation 4. Principle of Independent Assortment

Question 34

This principle states that in pure parents only one form of the trait will appear in the next generation - express only the dominant trait

Answer 34

Principle of Dominance

Question 35

This principle states that in the formation of gametes, the two alleles responsible for a trait separate from each other - Involves Monohybrid Cross

Answer 35

Principle of Segregation

Question 36

This principle states that alleles for different traits are distributed to sex cells independently of one another - Involves dihybrid cross

Answer 36

Principle of Independent Assortment

Question 37

Two forms of a gene is called?

Answer 37

Allele

Question 38

The combination of two alleles that compromises the gene pair is called?

Answer 38

Allelic pair

Question 39

An allele that expresses itself at the expense of an alternate allele

Answer 39

Dominant

Question 40

An allele whose expression is suppressed in the presence of a dominant allele

Answer 40

Recessive

Question 41

It means "the form that is shown" - the outward, physical appearance of a trait

Answer 41

Phenotype

Question 42

It is the specific allelic combination for a certain gene or set of genes

Answer 42

Genotype

Question 43

Individual which contains only one allele at the allelic pair - 2 dominant or 2 recessive genes

Answer 43

Homozygous Genotype

Question 44

Individual which contains one of each member of the gene pair - 1 dominant and 1 recessive

Answer 44

Heterozygous Genotype

Question 45

Who devised the punnett square?

Answer 45

Reginald C. Punnett

Question 46

What do you call the true-breeding parents?

Answer 46

P generation

Question 47

The offspring of the P generation is called?

Answer 47

F1 generation

Question 48

When F1 self-pollinates, what do you call its offspring?

Answer 48

F2 generation

Question 49

A test that determines if an individual with a dominant phenotype is homozygous or heterozygous

Answer 49

Test Cross

Question 50

It is a genetic cross involving a single trait

Answer 50

Monohybrid Cross

Question 51

It is a genetic cross involving two traits

Answer 51

Dihybrid Cross

Question 52

SOLVING: A genetically pure round garden pea seed is crossed with a genetically pure wrinkled garden pea seed. If self-fertilization is permitted, what are the phenotype, phenotypic ratio, genotype, and genotypic ratio of their offspring? Also, find the result of the F2 generation.

Answer 52

F1 Genotype: Rr F1 Phenotype: Round F1 G.Ratio: All are alike F1 P. Ratio: All are alike F2 Genotype: RR, Rr, rr F2 Phenotype: Round & Wrinkled F2 G. Ratio: 1:2:1 F2 P. Ratio: 3:1

Question 53

It is a breeding experiment that tracks the inheritance of two traits

Answer 53

Dihybrid Cross

Question 54

SOLVING: A homozygote yellow round seed is mated to a homozygote green and wrinkled one. What are the phenotype, phenotypic ratio, genotype, and genotypic ratio of the F2 generation?

Answer 54

F2 Genotype: GGWW, GGWw, GgWW, GgWw, GGww, Ggww, ggWW, ggWw, ggww F2 Phenotype: Yellow Round, Yellow Wrinkled, Green Round, Green Wrinkled F2 G. Ratio: 1:2:2:4:1:2:1:2:1 F2 P. Ratio: 9:3:3:1

Question 55

It is a pattern of heredity in which one allele is not completely dominant over another - appears to give a blending of the traits.

Answer 55

Incomplete Dominance

Question 56

A pattern of heredity where two alleles may be simultaneously expressed when both are present, rather than one fully determining phenotype.

Answer 56

Codominance

Question 57

What does the "I" in the blood type mean?

Answer 57

Isohaemagglutinin

Question 58

A pattern of heredity involves more than just the typical two alleles that usually code for a certain characteristic in a species.

Answer 58

Multiple Alleles

Question 59

What are the Non-Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance?

Answer 59

1. Incomplete Dominance 2. Codominance 3. Multiple Alleles

Question 60

It is a quantitative inheritance which means that a single phenotypic trait inherited is controlled by two or more different genes - hair color, height, skin color, blood pressure, and intelligence

Answer 60

Polygenic Inheritance

Question 61

This occurs when a gene affects two or more seemingly unrelated traits - cause of many diseases

Answer 61

Pleiotropy

Question 62

Pleiotropy that has a set of seemingly unrelated symptoms: - Unusually tall height - Thin fingers and toes - Dislocation of the lens of the eye - Heart problems (aorta bulges or ruptures)

Answer 62

Marfan Syndrome

Question 63

These are alleles that cause death of the organism that carries them.

Answer 63

Lethal Genes

Question 64

What are the examples of lethal genes?

Answer 64

1. Achondroplasia | 2. Manx Cat

Question 65

It consists of an autosomal dominant bone disorder that causes dwarfism - one allele can cause the disease, two alleles will be fatal

Answer 65

Achondroplasia

Question 66

The allele interferes with normal spinal development which results in the lack of a tail in an a certain animal.

Answer 66

Manx Cat

Question 67

Solving: Achondroplasia is a type of dwarfism caused by the presence of a dominant allele (A). However, the presence of two dominant alleles is lethal. Cross two individuals with dwarfism (Aa x Aa) and get the phenotypic ratio.

Answer 67

P. Ratio: 2:1

Question 68

These are the genes that are present on the X or Y chromosomes

Answer 68

Sex-linked Genes

Question 69

It is the phenotypic expression of an allele that is related to the chromosomal sex of an individual

Answer 69

Sex Linkage

Question 70

Is a female homogametic or heterogametic?

Answer 70

Homogametic

Question 71

Is a male homogametic or heterogametic?

Answer 71

Heterogametic

Question 72

What are the sex-linked traits?

Answer 72

1. Red-green colorblindness 2. Male Pattern Baldness 3. Hemophilia

Question 73

It is a sex-linked recessive trait that affects the platelets - could bleed continuously

Answer 73

Hemophilia