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BIOL 102_GENERAL ZOOLOGY > UNIT III_CELL DIVISION AND OVERVIEW OF ANIMAL INHERITANCE/GENETICS > Flashcards

UNIT III_CELL DIVISION AND OVERVIEW OF ANIMAL INHERITANCE/GENETICS Flashcards

1
Q

This is a series of events that take place in a cell as it grows and divides

A

Cell cycle

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2
Q

The cell spends most of its time in what phase?

A

Interphase

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3
Q

A cell division of somatic cells undergoes self-cloning in which a cell duplicates into two genetically identical daughter cells

A

Mitosis

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4
Q

What are the phases of Mitosis?

A
  1. Prophase
  2. Metaphase
  3. Anaphase
  4. Telophase
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5
Q

Chromosome shortens or condenses in this phase - centrioles move to the opposite sides of the cell -nuclear membrane breakdown - the nucleolus disappears - mitotic spindle begins to form

A

Prophase

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6
Q

Proteins attach to centromeres creating kinetochores - microtubules attach at kinetochores - connect the centromere to the centrioles - chromosome begins moving

A

Prometaphase

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7
Q

Chromosomes line up along the center of the cell - centromeres now attach to spindle fibers - spindle apparatus is clearly visible

A

Metaphase

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8
Q

Phase of migration - spindle apparatus begins to break down and the centromeres break up - separates chromosome copies

A

Anaphase

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9
Q

Phase of reconstruction - end results into two separate nuclei - chromosomes arrive at the opposite poles - spindle apparatus completely disappears - nuclear envelope forms around both sets of chromosomes

A

Telophase

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10
Q

This is the division of the cytoplasm forming two separate daughter cells

A

Cytokinesis

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11
Q

What do you call the center of the cell?

A

Metaphase plate

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12
Q

In animal cell, the membrane pinched together to form a?

A

Cleavage furrow

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13
Q

In plant cell, what should be formed in order to separate two daughter cells?

A

Cell wall

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14
Q

What do you call the nuclear division that reduces the number of chromosomes in a cell?

A

Meiosis

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15
Q

What nuclear division results to 4 haploid cells?

A

Meiosis

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16
Q

What separates the homologous chromosomes?

A

Meiosis I

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17
Q

Cells prepare for division in what phase?

A

Interphase

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18
Q

In Prophase I, the homologous chromosomes come together intimately and form ___ which is the connecting of homologous chromosomes to form tetrads

A

Synapse (Synapsis)

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19
Q

What do you call the process resulting from the intertwining of the sister chromatids and homologous pairs swap pieces of chromosomes?

A

Crossing-over

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20
Q

Process which creates completely new combination of traits

A

Crossing-over

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21
Q

What phase do synapsis and crossing-over occur?

A

Prophase I

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22
Q

A phase where each homologous chromosome is pulled to the opposite sides - centromeres do not break and the sister chromatids of each chromosome remain attached

A

Anaphase I

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23
Q

What is the product of Meiosis I?

A

2 haploid cells

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24
Q

What is the product of Meiosis II?

A

4 haploid cells (sex cells)

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25
Q

What are the phases of Meiosis II?

A
  1. Prophase II
  2. Metaphase II
  3. Anaphase II
  4. Telophase II
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26
Q

It is a branch of biology that deals with the principles of heredity and variation in all living things

A

Genetics

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27
Q

Who studied the inheritance of traits in pea plants and discovered that hereditary characteristics were determined by genes transmitted between generations?

A

Gregor Johann Mendel (1822-1884)

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28
Q

He made the Laws of Inheritance and is the Father of Genetics

A

Gregor Johann Mendel

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29
Q

Mendel stated that physical traits are inherited as ā€œparticlesā€ - these were actually chromosomes and DNA

A

Particulate Inheritance

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30
Q

It refers to any characteristic that can be passed from parent to offspring

A

Trait

31
Q

It is the passing of traits from parent to offspring

A

Heredity

32
Q

What are the reasons why Mendel chose to work with peas?

A
  1. Native in Meditteranean region
  2. Easy to cultivate
  3. Short Life cycle
  4. Many variables available commercially
  5. Easy to manipulate
33
Q

What are Mendelā€™s Principle of Inheritance?

A
  1. Inherited characters are transmitted by genes which occur in pairs called alleles.
  2. Principle of Dominance
  3. Principle of Segregation
  4. Principle of Independent Assortment
34
Q

This principle states that in pure parents only one form of the trait will appear in the next generation - express only the dominant trait

A

Principle of Dominance

35
Q

This principle states that in the formation of gametes, the two alleles responsible for a trait separate from each other - Involves Monohybrid Cross

A

Principle of Segregation

36
Q

This principle states that alleles for different traits are distributed to sex cells independently of one another - Involves dihybrid cross

A

Principle of Independent Assortment

37
Q

Two forms of a gene is called?

A

Allele

38
Q

The combination of two alleles that compromises the gene pair is called?

A

Allelic pair

39
Q

An allele that expresses itself at the expense of an alternate allele

A

Dominant

40
Q

An allele whose expression is suppressed in the presence of a dominant allele

A

Recessive

41
Q

It means ā€œthe form that is shownā€ - the outward, physical appearance of a trait

A

Phenotype

42
Q

It is the specific allelic combination for a certain gene or set of genes

A

Genotype

43
Q

Individual which contains only one allele at the allelic pair - 2 dominant or 2 recessive genes

A

Homozygous Genotype

44
Q

Individual which contains one of each member of the gene pair - 1 dominant and 1 recessive

A

Heterozygous Genotype

45
Q

Who devised the punnett square?

A

Reginald C. Punnett

46
Q

What do you call the true-breeding parents?

A

P generation

47
Q

The offspring of the P generation is called?

A

F1 generation

48
Q

When F1 self-pollinates, what do you call its offspring?

A

F2 generation

49
Q

A test that determines if an individual with a dominant phenotype is homozygous or heterozygous

A

Test Cross

50
Q

It is a genetic cross involving a single trait

A

Monohybrid Cross

51
Q

It is a genetic cross involving two traits

A

Dihybrid Cross

52
Q

SOLVING: A genetically pure round garden pea seed is crossed with a genetically pure wrinkled garden pea seed. If self-fertilization is permitted, what are the phenotype, phenotypic ratio, genotype, and genotypic ratio of their offspring? Also, find the result of the F2 generation.

A

F1 Genotype: Rr
F1 Phenotype: Round
F1 G.Ratio: All are alike
F1 P. Ratio: All are alike

F2 Genotype: RR, Rr, rr
F2 Phenotype: Round & Wrinkled
F2 G. Ratio: 1:2:1
F2 P. Ratio: 3:1

53
Q

It is a breeding experiment that tracks the inheritance of two traits

A

Dihybrid Cross

54
Q

SOLVING: A homozygote yellow round seed is mated to a homozygote green and wrinkled one. What are the phenotype, phenotypic ratio, genotype, and genotypic ratio of the F2 generation?

A

F2 Genotype: GGWW, GGWw, GgWW, GgWw, GGww, Ggww, ggWW, ggWw, ggww
F2 Phenotype: Yellow Round, Yellow Wrinkled, Green Round, Green Wrinkled
F2 G. Ratio: 1:2:2:4:1:2:1:2:1
F2 P. Ratio: 9:3:3:1

55
Q

It is a pattern of heredity in which one allele is not completely dominant over another - appears to give a blending of the traits.

A

Incomplete Dominance

56
Q

A pattern of heredity where two alleles may be simultaneously expressed when both are present, rather than one fully determining phenotype.

A

Codominance

57
Q

What does the ā€œIā€ in the blood type mean?

A

Isohaemagglutinin

58
Q

A pattern of heredity involves more than just the typical two alleles that usually code for a certain characteristic in a species.

A

Multiple Alleles

59
Q

What are the Non-Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance?

A
  1. Incomplete Dominance
  2. Codominance
  3. Multiple Alleles
60
Q

It is a quantitative inheritance which means that a single phenotypic trait inherited is controlled by two or more different genes - hair color, height, skin color, blood pressure, and intelligence

A

Polygenic Inheritance

61
Q

This occurs when a gene affects two or more seemingly unrelated traits - cause of many diseases

A

Pleiotropy

62
Q

Pleiotropy that has a set of seemingly unrelated symptoms:

  • Unusually tall height
  • Thin fingers and toes
  • Dislocation of the lens of the eye
  • Heart problems (aorta bulges or ruptures)
A

Marfan Syndrome

63
Q

These are alleles that cause death of the organism that carries them.

A

Lethal Genes

64
Q

What are the examples of lethal genes?

A
  1. Achondroplasia

2. Manx Cat

65
Q

It consists of an autosomal dominant bone disorder that causes dwarfism - one allele can cause the disease, two alleles will be fatal

A

Achondroplasia

66
Q

The allele interferes with normal spinal development which results in the lack of a tail in an a certain animal.

A

Manx Cat

67
Q

Solving: Achondroplasia is a type of dwarfism caused by the presence of a dominant allele (A). However, the presence of two dominant alleles is lethal. Cross two individuals with dwarfism (Aa x Aa) and get the phenotypic ratio.

A

P. Ratio: 2:1

68
Q

These are the genes that are present on the X or Y chromosomes

A

Sex-linked Genes

69
Q

It is the phenotypic expression of an allele that is related to the chromosomal sex of an individual

A

Sex Linkage

70
Q

Is a female homogametic or heterogametic?

A

Homogametic

71
Q

Is a male homogametic or heterogametic?

A

Heterogametic

72
Q

What are the sex-linked traits?

A
  1. Red-green colorblindness
  2. Male Pattern Baldness
  3. Hemophilia
73
Q

It is a sex-linked recessive trait that affects the platelets - could bleed continuously

A

Hemophilia

BIOL 102_GENERAL ZOOLOGY (4 decks)

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