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BIOL 102_GENERAL ZOOLOGY > UNIT II_ANIMAL CELL AND TISSUES > Flashcards

UNIT II_ANIMAL CELL AND TISSUES Flashcards

1
Q

He was a 17th-century “natural philosopher” - looked at a cork through a microscope lens - He discovered the cells

A

Robert Hooke

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2
Q

Who are the Proponents of Cell Theory?

A
  1. Matthias Jakob Schleiden
  2. Theodor Schwann
  3. Rudolf Ludwig Carl Virchow
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3
Q

He was a German botanist and stated that all plants are composed of cells.

A

Matthias Jakob Schleiden

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4
Q

He was a German physician and physiologist - cell is the basic unit of animal structure

A

Theodor Schwann

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5
Q

He was a German physician - Father of Modern Pathology

A

Rudolf Ludwig Carl Virchow

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6
Q

He stated that cells arise from pre-existing cells - said that diseases occur at the cellular level

A

Rudolf Ludwig Carl Virchow

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7
Q

The Cell Theory states that:

A
  1. All living organisms are composed of cells.
  2. They may be unicellular or multicellular.
  3. The cell is the basic unit of life.
  4. Cells arise from pre-existing cells.
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8
Q

The smallest unit of life that is capable of replication and can function independently - building blocks of life

A

Cell

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9
Q

What are the general features of cell?

A
  1. Semi-permeable membrane (cell membrane)
  2. Semi-fluid matrix (cytoplasm)
  3. Genetic material (nucleus)
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10
Q

All organisms except ___ are cellular

A

Viruses

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11
Q

A type of cell that possess no membrane-bound organelles is called?

A

Prokaryotic Cells

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12
Q

The genetic material is present is present in the nuclear region in the cytoplasm called the?

A

nucleoid

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13
Q

Where is the DNA of a prokaryotic cell found?

A

found in direct contact with the cytoplasm

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14
Q

What type of cells first evolve when life came into existence on earth

A

Prokaryotic cells

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15
Q

What domains of life are prokaryotes?

A
  1. Bacteria

2. Archaea

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16
Q

What type of cell possess a membrane-bound nucleus?

A

Eukaryotic cells

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17
Q

Eukaryotes comprised all the life kingdoms except?

A

Monera

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18
Q

Hair-like structures on the surface of the cell that attach to other bacterial cells

A

Pili/Pilus

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19
Q

It is an additional outer covering that protects the cell when it is engulfed by other organisms - retains moisture - adhere to surfaces and nutrients

A

Capsule

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20
Q

Outer covering of most cells that protects the bacterial cell and gives it shape

A

Cell Wall

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21
Q

It surrounds the cell’s cytoplasm and regulates the flow of substances in and out of the cell

A

Cell Membrane/Plasma Membrane

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22
Q

These are gene carrying, circular DNA structures - not involved in reproduction

A

Plasmids

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23
Q

It is a long, whip-like protrusion that aids in cellular locomotion

A

Flagella

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24
Q

Cell structures responsible for protein production

A

Ribosomes

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25
Q

Area of the cytoplasm that contains the single bacterial DNA molecule

A

Nucleiod region

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26
Q

A gel-like substance composed mainly of water that also contains enzymes, salts, cell components etc.

A

Cytoplasm

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27
Q

This contains the hereditary material DNA and directs the activities of the cell.

A

Nucleus

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28
Q

It is a complex of DNA and protein found in eukaryotic cells - packaging long DNA molecules into more compact, denser structures

A

Chromatin

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29
Q

It is also known as the nuclear membrane - made up of two lipid bilayer membranes - encases the genetic materials

A

Nuclear Envelope

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30
Q

It is the tiny hole in the nuclear membrane - allows the movement of nucleic acids and proteins in/out of the cell

A

Nuclear pore

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31
Q

It is the structure within the nucleus and helps in synthesis of ribosomes

A

Nucleolus

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32
Q

It is responsible for storing, packaging of cellular products

A

Golgi complex

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33
Q

These are enzyme sacs which digest cellular wastes

A

Lysosomes

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34
Q

A microscopic hair-like organelle used by cells for movement

A

Flagellum/Flagella

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35
Q

The word flagellum in Latin means?

A

Whip

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36
Q

It forms the outer covering of the cell and is semi-permeable

A

Cell Membrane/Plasma Membrane

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37
Q

A network of membranes composed of rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

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38
Q

This ER is not associates with ribosomes - involve in the synthesis of lipids

A

Smooth ER

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39
Q

This is ER has ribosomes attached to its outer surface - synthesis of proteins that possess a signal sequence

A

Rough ER

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40
Q

Mecromolecular machines found within all living cells which perform biological protein synthesis

A

Ribosomes

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41
Q

intracellular fluid (ICF) - transportation of metabolites

A

Cytosol

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42
Q

Cellular envelopes that are used to transport materials from one place to another - metabolism and enzyme storage

A

Vesicle

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43
Q

Site for cellular respiration and producers of energy

A

Mitochondria

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44
Q

Hollow rods, function primarily as support and shape to the cell

A

Microtubules

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45
Q

A model consisting of a core of at least two layers of phospholipids with layers of protein on both inner and outer surfaces

A

Lipoprotein - Sandwich Model

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46
Q

A model of a bilayer of phospholipids oriented with their hydrophilic head towards the surfaces of the membrane and their hydrophobic tails toward the interior

A

Fluid Mosaic Model

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47
Q

What are the two transport mechanisms across the cell membrane?

A
  1. Passive Transport

2. Active Transport

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48
Q

Movement of molecules in and out of the cell does not require energy expenditure is called?

A

Passive Transport

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49
Q

What are the types of Passive Transport?

A
  1. Simple diffusion
  2. Osmosis
  3. Facilitated diffusion
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50
Q

Movement of the particles from a region of higher to a region of lower concentration

A

Simple diffusion

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51
Q

Movement of water molecules in a semi-permeable membrane

A

Osmosis

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52
Q

Process of diffusion facilitated by transport proteins - spontaneous passage of molecules

A

Facilitated diffusion

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53
Q

The pumping of molecules/ions through a membrane against their concentration gradient - transmembrane protein (transporter) and energy

A

Active Transport

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54
Q

What are the types of Active transport?

A
  1. Active Transport via protein pumps

2. Bulk Flow Mechanisms

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55
Q

Type of Bulk Flow Mechanisms

A
  1. Endocytosis
  2. Phagocytosis
  3. Pinocyctosis
  4. Exocytosis
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56
Q

Substances may enter the cell without actually moving through the cell membrane in which the cell encloses the substance in a membrane-bound vesicle

A

Endocytosis

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57
Q

Bulk flow mechanism when the engulfed material is in liquid or consist of very small particle

A

Pinocytosis

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58
Q

Bulk flow mechanism when the engulfed material is in the form of large particles/chunks of matter

A

Phagocytosis

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59
Q

Bulk flow mechanism when materials in membraneous vesicles are conveyed to the periphery of the cell

A

Exocytosis

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60
Q

The conversion of glucose into ATP usually in the presence of oxygen

A

Cellular Respiration

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61
Q

What is the energy currency of the cell?

A

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

62
Q

What are the forms of cellular respiration?

A
  1. Aerobic respiration

2. Anaerobic respiration

63
Q

Cellular respiration that requires the presence of oxygen

A

Aerobic respiration

64
Q

Cellular respiration that does not require the presence of oxygen

A

Anaerobic respiration

65
Q

What are the steps in Celluar Respiration?

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Oxidation of pyruvate/ Oxidation of pyruvic acid into acetyl coenzyme-A
  3. Citric acid cycle - Kreb’s cycle - tricarboxylic acid
  4. Oxidative phosphorylation
66
Q

Cellular respiration that happens in the cytoplasm

A

Anaerobic respiration

67
Q

A process in cellular respiration which is part of the anaerobic respiration

A

Glycolysis

68
Q

A process in cellular respiration that produces 2 ATP for each NADH molecule

A

Glycolysis

69
Q

Cellular respiration that happens in the mitochondrion

A

Aerobic respiration

70
Q

If oxygen is absent, pyruvate molecules are reduced and are made into what?

A
  1. Fermented into acetyl alcohol in plant cells

2. Lactic acid in animal cells

71
Q

It generates 2 molecules of NADH and 2 molecules of acetyl coenzyme-A - NADH = 3 ATP

A

Oxidation of pyruvic acid into acetyl coenzyme-A

72
Q

Acetyl coenzyme-A enters the cycle and gets oxidized to CO2 - The net energy gain is 3 NADH, 1 FADH, 1 ATP

A

Citric acid cycle (Kreb’s cycle)

73
Q

It occurs in the mitochondrial cristae - establishes a proton gradient by oxidizing the NADH from Kreb’s cycle.

A

Electron Transport Chain

74
Q

The electrons are finally transferred to exogenous oxygen with the addition of 2 protons, water is formed produces 32 ATP molecules

A

Electron Transport Chain

75
Q

Levels of Organization

A

Atom - Element - Molecule/Compound - Organelles - Cell - Tissue - Organ - Organ System - Organism - Population - Community - Ecosystem - Biomes - Biosphere

76
Q

It is a part of the Earth in which life exists

A

Biosphere

77
Q

These are specialized regions of the Biosphere

A

Biomes

78
Q

All biotic and abiotic factors that interact

A

Ecosystem

79
Q

groups of many different species of organisms interacting in an area

A

Community

80
Q

Group of organisms of one species that interbreed and live at the same place

A

Population

81
Q

What do you call an individual living thing

A

Organism

82
Q

These are groups of organs working together to perform a specific function

A

Organ System

83
Q

Group of tissues working together

A

Organ

84
Q

Group of similar cells that perform closely related functions

A

Tissue

85
Q

The smallest functional unit of life

A

Cell

86
Q

These are small organs in the cell

A

Organelle

87
Q

Cells are composed of many chemical compounds - two or more elements

A

Compound/Molecule

88
Q

These can be found on the periodic table

A

Element

89
Q

The smallest particle of an element

A

Atom

90
Q

This is aggregates or group of cells organized to perform one or more specific functions

A

Tissue

91
Q

Vascular tissues in the exterior that covers the body surface, lines body cavities, and constitute glands

A

Epithelial Tissue

92
Q

Classification of Tissues according to number of cell layers

A
  1. Simple
  2. Stratified
  3. Pseudostratified
  4. Transitional
93
Q

Classification of Tissues according to cell shape

A
  1. Squamous
  2. Cuboidal
  3. Columnar
94
Q

Epithelial tissues found on the air sac of the lungs

A

Simple Squamous Epithelium

95
Q

Epithelial tissues found on the tube of the kidney

A

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

96
Q

Epithelial tissues found on the intestines

A

Simple Columnar Epithelium

97
Q

Epithelial tissues found on the esophagus

A

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

98
Q

Single-layer thin flat cells - composed the vascular system, body cavities, Browman’s capsule, respiratory spaces

A

Simple Squamous Epithelium

99
Q

Single-layer cube-shaped cells - microvilli/cilia - small ducts of exocrine glands, surface ovary, kidney tubules, thyroid follicles

A

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

100
Q

single-layer of tall, narrow cells - small intestines and colon, stomach lining and gastric glands, gall bladder

A

Simple Columnar Epithelium

101
Q

Contains multiple cell layers - epidermis, oral cavity, esophagus, vagina

A

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

102
Q

Two layers of cube-shaped cells - sweat gland ducts, large ducts of the exocrine, anorectal junction

A

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

103
Q

Top layer of elongated cells and lower layers of cube-shaped cells - largest duct of exocrine, anorectal junction

A

Stratified Columnar Epithelium

104
Q

Single-layer of cells, tall and thin - trachea and bronchial tree, ductus deferens, efferent ductules of the epididymis

A

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

105
Q

Stratified cells that appear cube-like when relaxed but squamous like when distended by fluid

A

Transitional Epithelium

106
Q

Special Surface Modifications on Epithelial Cells

A
  1. Cilia
  2. Stereocilia
  3. Microvilli
107
Q

Surface Modification which is a multi structure found on certain cells

A

Cilia

108
Q

Long, multimicrovilli limited to epididymis and inner ear

A

Stereocilia

109
Q

finger-like cytoplasmic protection

A

Microvilli

110
Q

It consists of cells and an extracellular matrix (ECM)

A

Connective Tissue

111
Q

It holds other tissues together - provide a supporting framework

A

Connective Tissue

112
Q

It is a complex intricate structural network that supports the cells within the connective tissue

A

ECM - extracellular matrix

113
Q

Types of Connective Tissue

A
  1. Loose/Areolar
  2. Dense “irregular” connective tissue
  3. Dense “regular” connective tissue
  4. Connective Tissue Fibers
  5. Connective Tissue Cells
  6. Adipose Tissue
  7. Cartilage
  8. Bone Tissue
  9. Blood
114
Q

Loosely arranged fibers which are distributed throughout the body and the site of inflammatory and immune reactions

A

Loose/Areolar Connective Tissue

115
Q

These are abundant fibers and found in hollow organs (intestinal tract)

A

Dense “irregular” Connective Tissue

116
Q

What are the types of Dense “regular” Connective Tissue?

A
  1. Tendons (muscle to bone)
  2. Ligaments
    (bone to bone)
  3. Aponeuroses (flattened tendons)
117
Q

What are the types of Connective Tissue fibers

A
  1. Collagen (most abundant connective tissue fiber)
  2. Reticular
  3. Elastic fibers
118
Q

A connective tissue cell composed of fibroblasts and myofibroblast

A

Resident Cell Population

119
Q

A connective tissue cell composed of lymphocytes, plasma cells etc

A

Wandering Cell/Transient Cell Population

120
Q

Connective tissue plays an important role in energy homeostasis - for energy storage, packing material provides protection and heat insulator

A

Adipose Tissue

121
Q

What are the types of Adipose Tissue?

A
  1. White Adipose Tissue (adult)

2. Brown Adipose Tissue (fetal life)

122
Q

What are the three types of cartilage?

A
  1. Hyaline Cartilage
  2. Fibro Cartilage
  3. Elastic Cartilage
123
Q

Cartilage found in the ribs, respiratory tract, end of bones, embryonic skeleton

A

Hyaline Cartilage

124
Q

Cartilage found in invertebral disks, symphysis pubis and articular disk of knees

A

Fibro Cartilage

125
Q

Cartilage in the inner ear

A

Elastic Cartilage

126
Q

These are hard, mineralized matrix with osteocytes within lacunae

A

Bone Tissue

127
Q

It includes erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes

A

Blood

128
Q

A tissue that produce force and cause motion either locomotion or movement within internal organs

A

Muscular Tissue

129
Q

What are the classifications of Muscular Tissue?

A
  1. Skeletal Muscle
  2. Smooth Muscle
  3. Cardiac Muscle
130
Q

a muscular tissue that is cylindrical in shape, striated and multinucleated - 40% of the person’s body weight

A

Skeletal Muscle

131
Q

A muscular tissue which is a “visceral muscle tissue” single nucleus - pumping blood, movement of food in the digestive tract, emptying urinary tract

A

Smooth Muscle

132
Q

A muscular tissue which is cylindrical in shape, striated, single nucleus and branched by intercalated disks - pumping blood, muscle of the heart

A

Cardiac Muscle

133
Q

A muscular tissue that forms the brain, spinal cord, and nerves - coordinating and controlling many activities

A

Nervous Tissue

134
Q

It consists of the brain and spinal cord

A

Central Nervous System

135
Q

It consists of the cranial nerves, ganglia, spinal nerves

A

Peripheral Nervous System

136
Q

It transmit information in the form of action potentials, share information and integrate and evaluate data

A

Neurons

137
Q

It supports, protects, and form specialized sheaths around axons

A

Neuroglia

138
Q

Tha part of neurons that received action potential and conduct them toward the cell body

A

Dendrites

139
Q

Part of neurons that contains nucleus and site of general cell functions

A

Cell body

140
Q

Part of neuron which conducts action potentials away from cell body

A

Axon

141
Q

What are the principal type of cells?

A
  1. Neuron

2. Supporting cells

142
Q

In this Nervous system, the myelin of the axon is produced by oligodendrocyte

A

Central Nervous System

143
Q

In this Nervous System, the myelin is produced by the Schwann cell

A

Peripheral Nervous System

144
Q

What are the types of Neurons according to function?

A
  1. Motor Neurons
  2. Sensory Neurons
  3. Interneurons
145
Q

It sends signals from CNS to muscles and glands

A

Motor Neurons

146
Q

Motor Neurons that send voluntary impulses to skeletal muscles

A

Somatic efferent

147
Q

Motor Neurons that transmit involuntary impulses to smooth muscles and cardiac

A

Visceral efferent

148
Q

It detects changes in the environment - transmit information to the brain and spinal cord

A

Sensory Neurons

149
Q

Sensory Neurons that convey sensation of pain, temperature, touch, pressure, non-conscious sensation from organs (proprioception)

A

Somatic afferent fibers

150
Q

Sensory Neurons that conveys sensation of pain impulses from internal organs; nucleus membrane, glands and blood vessels

A

Visceral afferent fibers

151
Q

Intercalated neurons - lie between the sensory and motor neurons, process, store, and retrieve information - more than 99.9% in the nervous system

A

Interneurons

152
Q

What are the types of Interneurons?

A
  1. Pyramidal cell
  2. interneurons
  3. Purkine cell

BIOL 102_GENERAL ZOOLOGY (4 decks)

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