UNIT II_ANIMAL CELL AND TISSUES Flashcards
1
Q
He was a 17th-century “natural philosopher” - looked at a cork through a microscope lens - He discovered the cells
A
Robert Hooke
2
Q
Who are the Proponents of Cell Theory?
A
- Matthias Jakob Schleiden
- Theodor Schwann
- Rudolf Ludwig Carl Virchow
3
Q
He was a German botanist and stated that all plants are composed of cells.
A
Matthias Jakob Schleiden
4
Q
He was a German physician and physiologist - cell is the basic unit of animal structure
A
Theodor Schwann
5
Q
He was a German physician - Father of Modern Pathology
A
Rudolf Ludwig Carl Virchow
6
Q
He stated that cells arise from pre-existing cells - said that diseases occur at the cellular level
A
Rudolf Ludwig Carl Virchow
7
Q
The Cell Theory states that:
A
- All living organisms are composed of cells.
- They may be unicellular or multicellular.
- The cell is the basic unit of life.
- Cells arise from pre-existing cells.
8
Q
The smallest unit of life that is capable of replication and can function independently - building blocks of life
A
Cell
9
Q
What are the general features of cell?
A
- Semi-permeable membrane (cell membrane)
- Semi-fluid matrix (cytoplasm)
- Genetic material (nucleus)
10
Q
All organisms except ___ are cellular
A
Viruses
11
Q
A type of cell that possess no membrane-bound organelles is called?
A
Prokaryotic Cells
12
Q
The genetic material is present is present in the nuclear region in the cytoplasm called the?
A
nucleoid
13
Q
Where is the DNA of a prokaryotic cell found?
A
found in direct contact with the cytoplasm
14
Q
What type of cells first evolve when life came into existence on earth
A
Prokaryotic cells
15
Q
What domains of life are prokaryotes?
A
- Bacteria
2. Archaea
16
Q
What type of cell possess a membrane-bound nucleus?
A
Eukaryotic cells
17
Q
Eukaryotes comprised all the life kingdoms except?
A
Monera
18
Q
Hair-like structures on the surface of the cell that attach to other bacterial cells
A
Pili/Pilus
19
Q
It is an additional outer covering that protects the cell when it is engulfed by other organisms - retains moisture - adhere to surfaces and nutrients
A
Capsule
20
Q
Outer covering of most cells that protects the bacterial cell and gives it shape
A
Cell Wall
21
Q
It surrounds the cell’s cytoplasm and regulates the flow of substances in and out of the cell
A
Cell Membrane/Plasma Membrane
22
Q
These are gene carrying, circular DNA structures - not involved in reproduction
A
Plasmids
23
Q
It is a long, whip-like protrusion that aids in cellular locomotion
A
Flagella
24
Q
Cell structures responsible for protein production
A
Ribosomes
25
Area of the cytoplasm that contains the single bacterial DNA molecule
Nucleiod region
26
A gel-like substance composed mainly of water that also contains enzymes, salts, cell components etc.
Cytoplasm
27
This contains the hereditary material DNA and directs the activities of the cell.
Nucleus
28
It is a complex of DNA and protein found in eukaryotic cells - packaging long DNA molecules into more compact, denser structures
Chromatin
29
It is also known as the nuclear membrane - made up of two lipid bilayer membranes - encases the genetic materials
Nuclear Envelope
30
It is the tiny hole in the nuclear membrane - allows the movement of nucleic acids and proteins in/out of the cell
Nuclear pore
31
It is the structure within the nucleus and helps in synthesis of ribosomes
Nucleolus
32
It is responsible for storing, packaging of cellular products
Golgi complex
33
These are enzyme sacs which digest cellular wastes
Lysosomes
34
A microscopic hair-like organelle used by cells for movement
Flagellum/Flagella
35
The word flagellum in Latin means?
Whip
36
It forms the outer covering of the cell and is semi-permeable
Cell Membrane/Plasma Membrane
37
A network of membranes composed of rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Endoplasmic reticulum
38
This ER is not associates with ribosomes - involve in the synthesis of lipids
Smooth ER
39
This is ER has ribosomes attached to its outer surface - synthesis of proteins that possess a signal sequence
Rough ER
40
Mecromolecular machines found within all living cells which perform biological protein synthesis
Ribosomes
41
intracellular fluid (ICF) - transportation of metabolites
Cytosol
42
Cellular envelopes that are used to transport materials from one place to another - metabolism and enzyme storage
Vesicle
43
Site for cellular respiration and producers of energy
Mitochondria
44
Hollow rods, function primarily as support and shape to the cell
Microtubules
45
A model consisting of a core of at least two layers of phospholipids with layers of protein on both inner and outer surfaces
Lipoprotein - Sandwich Model
46
A model of a bilayer of phospholipids oriented with their hydrophilic head towards the surfaces of the membrane and their hydrophobic tails toward the interior
Fluid Mosaic Model
47
What are the two transport mechanisms across the cell membrane?
1. Passive Transport
| 2. Active Transport
48
Movement of molecules in and out of the cell does not require energy expenditure is called?
Passive Transport
49
What are the types of Passive Transport?
1. Simple diffusion
2. Osmosis
3. Facilitated diffusion
50
Movement of the particles from a region of higher to a region of lower concentration
Simple diffusion
51
Movement of water molecules in a semi-permeable membrane
Osmosis
52
Process of diffusion facilitated by transport proteins - spontaneous passage of molecules
Facilitated diffusion
53
The pumping of molecules/ions through a membrane against their concentration gradient - transmembrane protein (transporter) and energy
Active Transport
54
What are the types of Active transport?
1. Active Transport via protein pumps
| 2. Bulk Flow Mechanisms
55
Type of Bulk Flow Mechanisms
1. Endocytosis
2. Phagocytosis
3. Pinocyctosis
4. Exocytosis
56
Substances may enter the cell without actually moving through the cell membrane in which the cell encloses the substance in a membrane-bound vesicle
Endocytosis
57
Bulk flow mechanism when the engulfed material is in liquid or consist of very small particle
Pinocytosis
58
Bulk flow mechanism when the engulfed material is in the form of large particles/chunks of matter
Phagocytosis
59
Bulk flow mechanism when materials in membraneous vesicles are conveyed to the periphery of the cell
Exocytosis
60
The conversion of glucose into ATP usually in the presence of oxygen
Cellular Respiration
61
What is the energy currency of the cell?
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
62
What are the forms of cellular respiration?
1. Aerobic respiration
| 2. Anaerobic respiration
63
Cellular respiration that requires the presence of oxygen
Aerobic respiration
64
Cellular respiration that does not require the presence of oxygen
Anaerobic respiration
65
What are the steps in Celluar Respiration?
1. Glycolysis
2. Oxidation of pyruvate/ Oxidation of pyruvic acid into acetyl coenzyme-A
3. Citric acid cycle - Kreb's cycle - tricarboxylic acid
4. Oxidative phosphorylation
66
Cellular respiration that happens in the cytoplasm
Anaerobic respiration
67
A process in cellular respiration which is part of the anaerobic respiration
Glycolysis
68
A process in cellular respiration that produces 2 ATP for each NADH molecule
Glycolysis
69
Cellular respiration that happens in the mitochondrion
Aerobic respiration
70
If oxygen is absent, pyruvate molecules are reduced and are made into what?
1. Fermented into acetyl alcohol in plant cells
| 2. Lactic acid in animal cells
71
It generates 2 molecules of NADH and 2 molecules of acetyl coenzyme-A - NADH = 3 ATP
Oxidation of pyruvic acid into acetyl coenzyme-A
72
Acetyl coenzyme-A enters the cycle and gets oxidized to CO2 - The net energy gain is 3 NADH, 1 FADH, 1 ATP
Citric acid cycle (Kreb's cycle)
73
It occurs in the mitochondrial cristae - establishes a proton gradient by oxidizing the NADH from Kreb's cycle.
Electron Transport Chain
74
The electrons are finally transferred to exogenous oxygen with the addition of 2 protons, water is formed produces 32 ATP molecules
Electron Transport Chain
75
Levels of Organization
Atom - Element - Molecule/Compound - Organelles - Cell - Tissue - Organ - Organ System - Organism - Population - Community - Ecosystem - Biomes - Biosphere
76
It is a part of the Earth in which life exists
Biosphere
77
These are specialized regions of the Biosphere
Biomes
78
All biotic and abiotic factors that interact
Ecosystem
79
groups of many different species of organisms interacting in an area
Community
80
Group of organisms of one species that interbreed and live at the same place
Population
81
What do you call an individual living thing
Organism
82
These are groups of organs working together to perform a specific function
Organ System
83
Group of tissues working together
Organ
84
Group of similar cells that perform closely related functions
Tissue
85
The smallest functional unit of life
Cell
86
These are small organs in the cell
Organelle
87
Cells are composed of many chemical compounds - two or more elements
Compound/Molecule
88
These can be found on the periodic table
Element
89
The smallest particle of an element
Atom
90
This is aggregates or group of cells organized to perform one or more specific functions
Tissue
91
Vascular tissues in the exterior that covers the body surface, lines body cavities, and constitute glands
Epithelial Tissue
92
Classification of Tissues according to number of cell layers
1. Simple
2. Stratified
3. Pseudostratified
4. Transitional
93
Classification of Tissues according to cell shape
1. Squamous
2. Cuboidal
3. Columnar
94
Epithelial tissues found on the air sac of the lungs
Simple Squamous Epithelium
95
Epithelial tissues found on the tube of the kidney
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
96
Epithelial tissues found on the intestines
Simple Columnar Epithelium
97
Epithelial tissues found on the esophagus
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
98
Single-layer thin flat cells - composed the vascular system, body cavities, Browman's capsule, respiratory spaces
Simple Squamous Epithelium
99
Single-layer cube-shaped cells - microvilli/cilia - small ducts of exocrine glands, surface ovary, kidney tubules, thyroid follicles
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
100
single-layer of tall, narrow cells - small intestines and colon, stomach lining and gastric glands, gall bladder
Simple Columnar Epithelium
101
Contains multiple cell layers - epidermis, oral cavity, esophagus, vagina
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
102
Two layers of cube-shaped cells - sweat gland ducts, large ducts of the exocrine, anorectal junction
Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium
103
Top layer of elongated cells and lower layers of cube-shaped cells - largest duct of exocrine, anorectal junction
Stratified Columnar Epithelium
104
Single-layer of cells, tall and thin - trachea and bronchial tree, ductus deferens, efferent ductules of the epididymis
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
105
Stratified cells that appear cube-like when relaxed but squamous like when distended by fluid
Transitional Epithelium
106
Special Surface Modifications on Epithelial Cells
1. Cilia
2. Stereocilia
3. Microvilli
107
Surface Modification which is a multi structure found on certain cells
Cilia
108
Long, multimicrovilli limited to epididymis and inner ear
Stereocilia
109
finger-like cytoplasmic protection
Microvilli
110
It consists of cells and an extracellular matrix (ECM)
Connective Tissue
111
It holds other tissues together - provide a supporting framework
Connective Tissue
112
It is a complex intricate structural network that supports the cells within the connective tissue
ECM - extracellular matrix
113
Types of Connective Tissue
1. Loose/Areolar
2. Dense "irregular" connective tissue
3. Dense "regular" connective tissue
4. Connective Tissue Fibers
5. Connective Tissue Cells
6. Adipose Tissue
7. Cartilage
8. Bone Tissue
9. Blood
114
Loosely arranged fibers which are distributed throughout the body and the site of inflammatory and immune reactions
Loose/Areolar Connective Tissue
115
These are abundant fibers and found in hollow organs (intestinal tract)
Dense "irregular" Connective Tissue
116
What are the types of Dense "regular" Connective Tissue?
1. Tendons (muscle to bone)
2. Ligaments
(bone to bone)
3. Aponeuroses (flattened tendons)
117
What are the types of Connective Tissue fibers
1. Collagen (most abundant connective tissue fiber)
2. Reticular
3. Elastic fibers
118
A connective tissue cell composed of fibroblasts and myofibroblast
Resident Cell Population
119
A connective tissue cell composed of lymphocytes, plasma cells etc
Wandering Cell/Transient Cell Population
120
Connective tissue plays an important role in energy homeostasis - for energy storage, packing material provides protection and heat insulator
Adipose Tissue
121
What are the types of Adipose Tissue?
1. White Adipose Tissue (adult)
| 2. Brown Adipose Tissue (fetal life)
122
What are the three types of cartilage?
1. Hyaline Cartilage
2. Fibro Cartilage
3. Elastic Cartilage
123
Cartilage found in the ribs, respiratory tract, end of bones, embryonic skeleton
Hyaline Cartilage
124
Cartilage found in invertebral disks, symphysis pubis and articular disk of knees
Fibro Cartilage
125
Cartilage in the inner ear
Elastic Cartilage
126
These are hard, mineralized matrix with osteocytes within lacunae
Bone Tissue
127
It includes erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes
Blood
128
A tissue that produce force and cause motion either locomotion or movement within internal organs
Muscular Tissue
129
What are the classifications of Muscular Tissue?
1. Skeletal Muscle
2. Smooth Muscle
3. Cardiac Muscle
130
a muscular tissue that is cylindrical in shape, striated and multinucleated - 40% of the person's body weight
Skeletal Muscle
131
A muscular tissue which is a "visceral muscle tissue" single nucleus - pumping blood, movement of food in the digestive tract, emptying urinary tract
Smooth Muscle
132
A muscular tissue which is cylindrical in shape, striated, single nucleus and branched by intercalated disks - pumping blood, muscle of the heart
Cardiac Muscle
133
A muscular tissue that forms the brain, spinal cord, and nerves - coordinating and controlling many activities
Nervous Tissue
134
It consists of the brain and spinal cord
Central Nervous System
135
It consists of the cranial nerves, ganglia, spinal nerves
Peripheral Nervous System
136
It transmit information in the form of action potentials, share information and integrate and evaluate data
Neurons
137
It supports, protects, and form specialized sheaths around axons
Neuroglia
138
Tha part of neurons that received action potential and conduct them toward the cell body
Dendrites
139
Part of neurons that contains nucleus and site of general cell functions
Cell body
140
Part of neuron which conducts action potentials away from cell body
Axon
141
What are the principal type of cells?
1. Neuron
| 2. Supporting cells
142
In this Nervous system, the myelin of the axon is produced by oligodendrocyte
Central Nervous System
143
In this Nervous System, the myelin is produced by the Schwann cell
Peripheral Nervous System
144
What are the types of Neurons according to function?
1. Motor Neurons
2. Sensory Neurons
3. Interneurons
145
It sends signals from CNS to muscles and glands
Motor Neurons
146
Motor Neurons that send voluntary impulses to skeletal muscles
Somatic efferent
147
Motor Neurons that transmit involuntary impulses to smooth muscles and cardiac
Visceral efferent
148
It detects changes in the environment - transmit information to the brain and spinal cord
Sensory Neurons
149
Sensory Neurons that convey sensation of pain, temperature, touch, pressure, non-conscious sensation from organs (proprioception)
Somatic afferent fibers
150
Sensory Neurons that conveys sensation of pain impulses from internal organs; nucleus membrane, glands and blood vessels
Visceral afferent fibers
151
Intercalated neurons - lie between the sensory and motor neurons, process, store, and retrieve information - more than 99.9% in the nervous system
Interneurons
152
What are the types of Interneurons?
1. Pyramidal cell
2. interneurons
3. Purkine cell
