UNIT I_INTRODUCTION TO ZOOLOGY Flashcards
1
Q
anything that occupies space and has mass
A
MATTER
2
Q
is a pure chemical substance of one type of atom that can’t be divided into simpler substance
A
ELEMENT
3
Q
smallest unit of matter
A
ATOM
4
Q
What are the three subatomic particles
A
- Protons (positively charged particles)
- Neutrons (no charge or neutral)
- Electrons (negatively charged particles)
5
Q
What subatomic particle/s composes the dense nucleus of an atom?
A
- Protons
2. Neutrons
6
Q
What subatomic particle/s surrounds the nucleus of an atom
A
Electron
7
Q
an abbreviation or shortened version of the name of a chemical element
A
Chemical symbol
8
Q
How is chemical symbol written?
A
- Left superscript (mass number)
2. Subscript (atomic number)
9
Q
represents the number of protons of a particular atom
A
Atomic number
10
Q
represents the number of protons plus the number of neutrons of an atom in a given element
A
Mass number
11
Q
atoms of the same element that have different mass numbers because of the differences in the number of their neutrons
A
Isotopes
12
Q
In charged atoms, does atomic number represent the number of electrons?
A
No
13
Q
The force of attraction that holds the atoms together
A
Chemical bond
14
Q
What are the three types of chemical bond?
A
- Ionic bond
- Covalent bond
- Hydrogen bond
15
Q
What are the two types of covalent bond?
A
- Nonpolar covalent bond
2. Polar covalent
16
Q
What chemical bond involves sharing of electrons between atoms involved in the chemical bonding
A
Covalent bond
17
Q
What chemical bond involves transfer of electrons from one atom to another atom?
A
Ionic bond
18
Q
What covalent bond involves equal sharing of electrons?
A
Nonpolar covalent bond
19
Q
What covalent bond involves unequal sharing of electrons?
A
Polar covalent bond
20
Q
attractive interaction of a hydrogen atom with an electronegative atom (nitrogen, oxugen, fluorine)
A
Hydrogen bond
21
Q
What are the four inorganic substances essential to life?
A
- Water
- Carbon dioxide
- Oxygen
- Acids, bases, and salts
22
Q
It is a universal solvent, highly polar, exhibits surface tension, and densest at 4 degrees Celsius
A
Water
23
Q
It is about 0.033% in the air
A
Carbon dioxide
24
Q
It is one of the raw materials of photosynthesis and is important in warming the eath’s atmosphere
A
Carbon dioxide
25
about 21% in the air
Oxygen
26
necessary in cellular respiration - the process of making ATP
Oxygen
27
substances that increase the concentration of hydrogen ions in an aqueous solution
Acids
28
substances that increase the concentration of hydroxide ions in an aqueous solution
Bases
29
It is the product of the reaction between acid and a base
Salts
30
What are the four organic compounds essential to life?
1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Proteins
4. Nucleic acids
31
An organic compund composed of the elements C, H, and O
Carbohydrates
32
An organic compound which is the primary source of energy
Carbohydrates
33
These are the building block molecules of carbohydrates
Monosaccharides (simple sugars)
34
Glucose, galactose, and fructose is what typpe of carbohydrates?
Monosaccharides or simple sugars
35
A type of carbohydrate scomposed of 2 molecules of simple sugars
Disaccharides (double sugars)
36
Maltose (malt sugar), sucrose (table sugar, and lactose (milk sugar) are what type of carbohydrates?
Disaccharides or double sugars
37
A type of carbohydrates composed of several units of simple sugars
Polysaccharides (complex sugars)
38
cellulose, starch, and glycogen are what type of carbohydrates?
Polysaccharides or complex sugars
39
A polysaccharide which is the structural component of plant and bacterial cell walls
Cellulose
40
A polysaccharide which is a storage form of carbohydrates in plants
Starch
41
A polysaccharide which is a storage form of carbohydrates in animals
Glycogen
42
compounds having the same chemical formulas but differ in structural formulas
Isomers
43
a chemical process that involves removal of a water molecule
Condensation reaction or dehydration
44
a chemical process that breaks a certain compound in the presence of water
Hydrolysis
45
An organic compound which is immiscible or insoluble in water
Lipids
46
What are the three classes of lipids?
1. Fats
2. Phospholipids
3. Steroids
47
A lipid which is composed of 3 molecules of fatty acids and glycerol
Fats
48
A lipid composed of 2 molecules of fatty acids, a molecule of phosphate and glycerol
Phospholipids
49
A lipid composed of 4 interlocking Carbon atoms, in ring form, with various side groups attached to the C-atoms.
Steroids
50
An organic compound composed of the elements C, H, O, N, S, and P
Proteins
51
Building block of proteins
Amino acids
52
Amino acid that cannot be synthesized by the body
essential amino acid
53
Amino acid that can be synthesized by the body
non-essential amino acids
54
a substance that increases or accelerates the rate of chemical reaction
catalyst
55
biological or organic catalysts
enzymes
56
refers to the substance acted upon by the enzyme
substrate
57
refers to the specific point in the enzyme where the substrate binds to
active site
58
A model that suggests the specificity of enzyme's action to its normal substrate
Lock and key model
59
A process in which some protein structures are destroyed when a protein is subjected to heat and extreme pH.
denaturation
60
What are the factors that affect enzyme's activity?
1. Heat
2. pH
3. Activators
4. Inhibitors
5. Concentration of substrates
61
What are the three things that control the enzyme's action?
1. competitive inhibition
2. noncompetitive inhibition
3. allosteric modulation
62
Inhibition that involves the presence of an inhibitor substance that competes with the normal substrate in binding to the active site of the enzyme.
Competitive inhibition
63
Inhibition where substrate binds to its respective active site in the enzyme, it might partially or wholly block the other active site of the enzyme
Noncompetitive inhibition
64
Inhibition where change in structure is due to the binding of a substance called modulator to the allosteric sites in an enzyme.
Allosteric modulation
65
An organic compound that made up the genes (units of heredity)
Nucleic Acids
66
What are the two types of Nucleic acids?
1. RNA - ribonucleic acid
| 2. DNA - deoxyribonucleic acid
67
Building block molecule of nucleic acids
Nucleotide
68
What are the components of a nucleotide?
1. a pentose - 5 carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose)
2. a phosphate molecule
3. a nitrogen containing base (purine and pyrimidine)
69
Is a natural science that study living things and their vital processes
Biology
70
Ancient Greek philosopher - credited with devising the system of classifying animals that recognized similarities among diverse organisms.
Aristotle
71
Known as the "Father of Biology" and "Father of Zoology"
Aristotle (4th BC)
72
Who made significant discoveries relating to practically all of the body's system - vascular and circulatory systems
Andreas Vesalius
| 1543
73
English physician - first to recognize the full circulation of the blood in the human body
William Harvey (1628)
74
English physicist - known for his discovery of the law of elasticity - first use the word "cell"
Robert Hooke (1665)
75
He used single-lens microscopes to observe bacteria and protozoa. A self-taught man commonly known as "Father of Microbiology"
Anton Van Leuuwenhoek (1674)
76
Who concluded that all plants are made of cells?
Theodor Schwann (1838)
77
Who said that all animals are made up of cells? - invented the Zeiss microscope lens
Matthias Jakob Schleiden (1839)
78
He is an eminent pathologist and politician - Founding father of pathology and social medicine
Rudolf Virchow (1855-1858)
79
He identified that diseases are caused by malfunctioning cells.
Rudolf Virchow
80
Who stated that all cells are made from other (pre-existing) cells?
Rudolf Virchow
81
English naturalist - proposed how evolution works - The Origin of species
Charles Darwin (1859)
82
Where did Charles Darwin collect his evidence?
Galapagos Island
83
French chemist - microbiologist whose work changed medicine - proved that germs cause disease - developed vaccines for anthrax and rabies
Louis Pasteur (1865)
84
Who is the founder of the modern science of genetics?
Gregor Johann Mendel (1866)
85
Discoverer of the structure of DNA which gave rise to modern molecular biology - how genes control the chemical processes within cells
1. James D. Watson
| 2. Francis Crick
86
Who pioneered the use of X-ray diffraction?
Rosalind Franklin
87
It is a branch of Biological Science which is subdivided into various fields
Zoology
88
What are the two classifications of Natural Science?
1. Physical Science
| 2. Biological Science
89
What are the two classification of Biological Science?
1. Botany
| 2. Zoology
90
Subdivision - It is a branch of biology - deals with the form of living organisms, and with relationships between their structures
Morphology
91
Subdivision - It is a branch of natural science - which deals with the structural organization of living things
Anatomy
92
Subdivision - focuses on how organisms, organ systems, individual organs, cells, and biomolecules carry out the chemical and physical function in a living system
Physiology
93
Subdivision - It is a branch of biology - studying the structure and function of the cell
Cytology
94
Subdivision - the science of microscopic structure of cells, tissues and organs - understand the relationship between structure and function
Histology
95
Subdivision - It is a branch of science - related to the formation, growth, and development of embryo
Embryology
96
Subdivision - It is the science of naming, defining, and classifying organisms into evolutionary related groups.
Taxonomy
97
Subdivision - study of heredity in general and of genes in particular
Genetics
98
Subdivision - process by which organisms change over time over succesive generations
Evolution
99
Subdivision - study of fossils to classify organisms and study interactions with each other and their environments
Paleontology
100
Subdivision - study of microorganisms, those being unicellular, multicellular, or acellular
Microbiology
101
Subdivision - It is a branch of science - ecplores the chemical processes within and related to living organisms
Biochemistry
102
It is known as animal science, ranging from the structure of organisms to the subcellular unit of life
Zoology
103
Method/Aspect - concerned with the identification and description of the body structures of living things
Anatomy
104
Method/Aspect - study of the distribution of species and ecosystems in geographic space and through geological time
Biogeography
105
Method/Aspect - study of individual cells of the body
Cytology
106
Method/Aspect - concern on the interactions among organisms and their biophysical environment both biotic and abiotic
Ecology
107
Method/Aspect - study of the formation and development of embryo and fetus
Embryology
108
Method/Aspect - refers to the change in the characteristics of a species over several generations - natural selection
Evolution
109
Method/Aspect - study of heredity whereby a parent passes certain genes onto their children or offspring
Genetics
110
Method/Aspect - study and diagnosis of dieases through the examination of surgically rmeoved organs, tissues (biopsy), bodily fluids, autopsy
Pathology
111
Method/Aspect - scientific study of life that existed prior to or including the start of Holocene Epoch - study of fossils to classify organisms and their interactions
Paleontology
112
Method/Aspect - classification systems and nomenclature or organisms - distinctive characteristics of species and how they are related to other species
Systematics
113
Method/Aspect - how organisms, organ systems, individual organs, cells, and biomolecules carry out the chemical and physical functions in a living system.
Physiology
114
Method/Aspect - study of life at the level of atoms and molecules
Molecular Biology
115
Type of Organism - studies the morphology, ecology, genetics and biochemistry of bacteria - identification, classification, and characterization of bacterial species
Bacteriology
116
Type of Organism - study of insects and their relationship to humans, the environment, and other organisms
Entomology
117
Type of Organism - study of crustaceans, group of arthropods including lobsters, crayfish, shrimp, krill, copepods, barnacles, and crabs
Carcinology
118
Type of Organism - studying of classification, taxonomy, distribution, ecological, and medical significance of parasitic worms
Helminthology
119
Type of Organism - study of biology of viruses and viral diseases
Virology
120
Type of Organism - science of protozoa - microscopic eukaryotes either exist as parasites or free-living organism
Protozoology
121
Type of Organism - study of reptiles and amphibians such as snakes, turtles, and iguanas - behaviors, geographic ranges, physiologies, development, genetics
Herpetology
122
Type of Organism - study of molluscs, a large and spectacularly diverse group of soft-bodied invertebrate animals
Malacology
123
Type of Organism -deals with systematic study of birds
Ornithology
124
Type of Organism - deals with fish - development, anatomy, physiology, behavior, classification, genetics and ecology of fish
Ichthyology
125
What are the characteristics of life?
1. Growth
2. Reproduction
3. Heredity
4. Homeostasis
5. Metabolism
6. Cellular
7. Response
126
All living organisms undergo this process where cells become larger in size - depends on anabolic pathways that build large, complex molecules such as proteins and DNA
Growth
127
Create new organisms through sexual or asexual process.
Reproduction
128
It is the inheritance or biological inheritance - passing on of traits from parents to offspring
Heredity
129
A heritable trait provides a fitness advantage and makes the population better suited to its environment. What do you call this process?
Adaptation
130
Living organisms regulate their internal environment to maintain the relatively narrow range of conditions needed for cell function.
Homeostasis
131
The maintenance of a stable internal environment even in the face of a changing external environment is known as
Homeostasis
132
Living things must use energy and consume nutrients to carry out the chemical reactions that sustain life - the sum total of the biochemical reactions occuring in an organism is called?
Metabolism
133
Characteristic of life where living things are highly organized and made up of one or more cells
Cellular
134
Anything in the environment that causes a change is called?
Stimulus
135
The ability of living things to react to stimuli is known as?
Irritability
136
Characteristic of life where all living things respond to their environments
Response
137
What are the Theories on the Origin of Life?
1. Divine Creation Theory
2. Cosmozoic or interplanetary - Theory of panspermia
3. Biogenesis Theory
4. Abiogenesis or Spontaneous Generation
138
Theory on the origin of life which proposes that life on earth did not actually originate on this planet rather from other heavebly body in the form of resistant spores of simple organisms in meteorites
Cosmozoic/ interplanetary - Theory of Panspermia
139
Based on the theory that life can only come from life
Biogenesis Theory
140
Who refuted the idea of macroscopic spontaneous generation?
Francesco Redi (1668)
141
A logical problem-solving approach used by biologists and many other scientists is called?
The Scientifc Method
