UNIT II Part 2 Flashcards
the driving force of human behavior
Libido
was a German-born psychoanalyst, who extended Freud’s work on personality development across the life span while focusing on social and psychological development in the life stages.
Erik Erikson
published Childhood and Society
Erik Erikson (1950)
explored how intelligence and cognitive functioning develop in children.
Jean Piaget (1896–1980)
The child develops a sense of self as
separate from the environment and the concept of object permanence,
Sensorimotor
The child develops the ability to express self with language, understands the meaning of symbolic gestures, and begins
to classify objects.
Preoperational stage
The child begins to apply logic to
thinking, understands spatiality and reversibility, and is increasingly social
and able to apply rules
Concrete Operations
The child learns to think and reason in abstract terms, further develops logical thinking and reasoning, and achieves cognitive maturity.
Formal Operations
is useful when working with children.
Jean Piaget’s Theory
was an American psychiatrist who
extended the theory of personality development to include the significance of
interpersonal relationships.
Harry Stack Sullivan
He thought that inadequate or nonsatisfying relationships produce
anxiety, which he saw as the basis for all emotional problems
(Sullivan, 1953).
characteristic of infancy and childhood, involves brief, unconnected experiences that have no relationship to one another.
Prototaxic Mode
begins in early childhood as the child begins to connect experiences in
sequence. The child may not make logical sense of the experiences and may
see them as coincidence or chance events.
Parataxic Mode
begins to appear in school-aged children and becomes more predominant in
preadolescence, the person begins to perceive him or herself and the world
within the context of the environment and can analyze experiences in a variety
of settings
Syntaxic Mode
may be defined as predominance of the syntaxic mode.
Maturity
Sullivan coined the term _______ for the therapist’s role, meaning that the therapist both participates in and observes the progress of the relationship.
Participant Observer
is also credited with developing the first therapeutic community or milieu with young men with schizophrenia in 1929.
Harry Stack Sullivan
involved clients’ interactions with one another, including practicing interpersonal relationship skills, giving one another feedback about behavior, and working cooperatively as a group to solve day-to-day problems.
Milieu Therapy
was a nursing theorist and clinician
who built on Sullivan’s interpersonal theories and also saw the role of the
nurse as a participant observer.
Hildegard Peplau (1909–1999)
Peplau developed the concept of the
therapeutic nurse–patient relationship, which includes four phases:
*Orientation
*Identification
*Exploitation
*Resolution
is directed by the nurse and involves engaging the client in treatment, providing explanations and information, and answering questions.
Orientation Phase
begins when the client works interdependently with the nurse, expresses feelings, and begins to feel stronger.
Identification Phase
the client makes full use of the services offered.
Exploitation Phase
the client no longer needs professional services and gives up dependent behavior. The relationship ends.
Resolution Phase
offering the client the same acceptance and courtesy that the nurse would to any stranger
Stranger
providing specific answers to questions within a larger context
Resource Person
helping the client learn either formally or informally
Teacher
offering direction to the client or group
Leader
serving as a substitute for another, such as a parent or sibling
Surrogate
promoting experiences leading to health for the client, such as expression of feelings
Counselor
is a positive state of heightened awareness and sharpened senses, allowing the person to learn new behaviors and solve problems. The person can take in all available stimuli.
Mild Anxiety
involves a decreased perceptual field (focus on immediate task only); the person can learn new behavior or solve problems
only with assistance.
Moderate Anxiety
involves feelings of dread or terror. The person cannot be redirected to a task; he or she focuses only on scattered details and has physiologic symptoms of tachycardia, diaphoresis, and chest pain.
Severe Anxiety
can involve loss of rational thought, delusions, hallucinations, and complete physical immobility and muteness.
Panic Anxiety
