UNIT I Flashcards
was officially declared
a hospital for the insane, the first of its kind.
The hospital of St. Mary of Betlehem in 1547
formulated the concept of asylum as a safe refuge or haven offering
protection at institutions where people had been whipped, beaten, and starved
because they were mentally ill.
Philippe Pinel in France and William Tuke in England
began a crusade to reform the treatment of mental illness after a visit to Tuke’s institution in England
Dorothea Dix
challenged society to view human beings objectively
Sigmund Freud
began classifying mental disorders according to their symptoms,
Emil Kraepelin
coined the term Schizophrenia
Eugen Bleuler
were the first psychotropic drugs to be developed
*Chlorpromazine (Thorazine)
*Lithium
a deliberate shift from institutional care in state hospitals to community facilities, began.
Deinstitutionalization
The movement toward treating those with mental illness in less restrictive
environments gained momentum in
1963
The movement toward treating those with mental illness in less restrictive environments gained momentum with the enactment of
Community Mental Health Centers Construction Act
those who fail to fulfill roles and
carry out responsibilities or whose behavior is inappropriate are viewed as
ill or mental illness
Factors influencing a person’s mental health can be categorized as
Individual, interpersonal, and social/cultural
is a taxonomy published by the American Psychiatric Association and revised as needed.
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (DSM-5)
Three purpose of DSM-5
*To provide standardized nomenclature or language for all mental health professionals
*To present defining characteristics or symptoms to differentiate specific diagnosis.
*To assist in identifying underlying causes of disorders.
what year can visitors at the institution were charged a fee for the privilege of viewing and ridiculing the inmates, who were seen as less than human animals
By 1775
She was instrumental in opening 32 state hospitals that offered asylum to the
suffering.
Dorothea DIx
A great leap in the treatment of mental illness began in year _____ with the
development of psychotropic drugs, or drugs used to treat mental illness.
1950
In addition to deinstitutionalization, federal legislation was passed to provide an income for disabled persons:
*SSI (Supplemental Security Income)
*SSDI (Social Security Disability Income)
is a concept designed to purposely control the balance between the quality of care provided and the cost of that care.
Managed Care
Managed care began in
Early 1970s
Managed Care began in the form of
health maintenance organizations
In the 1990s, a new form of managed care was developed by
utilization review firms or managed care organizations
The Health Care Finance Administration administers two insurance programs
*Medicare
*Medicaid
covers people 65 years and older, people with permanent kidney failure, and people with certain disabilities.
Medicare
is jointly funded by the federal and state governments and covers low-income individuals and families.
Medicaid
eliminated annual and lifetime dollar amounts for mental health care for companies with more than 50 employees.
Mental Health Parity Act
when did the Congress passed the Mental Health Parity Act
in 1996
is called the first American psychiatric nurse
Linda Richards
she believed that “the mentally sick should be at least as well cared for as the physically sick”
Linda Richards
The first training of nurses to work with persons with mental illness was
1882 at McLean Hospital in Belmont, Massachusetts
was the first school of nursing to include a course in psychiatric nursing in its curriculum.
Johns Hopkins, 1913
The first psychiatric nursing textbook
Nursing Mental Diseases by Harriet
Bailey, was published in 1920.
Two early nursing theorists shaped psychiatric nursing practice:
*Hildegard Peplau
*June Mellow
She described the therapeutic nurse–client relationship with its phases and tasks and wrote extensively about anxiety
Hildegard Peplau
Books related to psychiatric nursing that Hildegard Peplau published
*Interpersonal relations in nursing (1952)
*Interpersonal techniques: the crux of psychiatric nursing (1962)
described her approach of focusing
on clients’ psychosocial needs and strengths.
Mellow’s 1968 work, Nursing Therapy
contended that the nurse as a therapist is particularly suited to working with those with severe mental illness in the context of daily activities, focusing on the here and now to meet each person’s psychosocial needs
June Mellow
