Unit I Part II Flashcards
Huguenots
French calvinists who fought for their right to practice calvinism in france; persecuted by french kings; had a strong defensive system; lost at the Saint Bartholomew’s massacre
Politiques
group of public figures who placed politics before religions and believed that no religious truth was worth a civil war
St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
Guise family convinced Catherine de Medici that Calvinist leaders posed a threat; king’s guards killed Huguenot leaders; catholic mobs killed 3,000 huguenots in the midst of 3 days
Catherine de Medici
wanted to consolidate her power under the Valois, mother of Henry II two sons
Jean Bodin
introduced the idea of soverignty and absolutism: that it was the king’s right to centralize, rule, and assert absolute power
Edict of Nantes
passed by Henry IV of Navarre; Catholicism was the official religion of France; gave Huguenots the right to worship in selected places; gave them certain towns for protection
Peace of Alais
ended the war between the monarchs of France and the Huguenots; gave Huguenots some rights but also confiscated some of their property ad towns previously given to them under the Edict of Nantes
“Three Henries”
Holy League wanted to replace Henry III with Henry of Guise; Henry of Guise seized Paris, later assassinated by Henry III; Henry III assassinated by Catholic monk, Henry IV of Navarre became king and converted to Catholicism
Ferdinand II
Key figure in the Thirty Years’ War; made HRE; issed Edict of Restitution; killed Wallenstein
Frederick V
elected as the replacement of Ferdinand; Protestant ruler of Palestine
Protestant Union
formed by Frederick V ; league of German Protestant states
Vasco de Gama
Portuguese, 1460-1524, rounded the Cape of Good Hope and traveled along the east coast of Africa to Calicut in the southwestern coast of India. He arrived saying he was looking for christians and spices, he found only spices
Alfonso de Albuquerque
Set port facilities in Goa, massacred Arab population in Malacca, both ports became crucial for Portugal
Ferdinand Magellan
Persuaded king of Spain to fund his journey, found Strait of Magellan in southern tip of South America, crossed pacific ocean to the Philippines, killed by natives, first person to circumnavigate the world
Manila Galleons
Spanish trading ships, traveled once or twice a year from Acapulco (Mexico) to Manila (Philippines)
Treaty of Tordesillas
Between Spain and Portugal, established what parts and areas of the new world belonged to whom. Spain got most of South America and the route across the Atlantic, and Portugal got the route around the Cape of Good Hope
Matthias
Holy Roman Emperor in the 1612; member of the House of Habsburg; suppressed rebellion in Hungary with the Treaty of Vienna
Battle of White Mountain
imperial forces defeated Frederick and the Bohemian fnobles; spanish forces invaded the Palatinate and conquered it by the end of 1622; Frederick fled to the United Provinces; emperor Ferdinand declared Bohemia to be a hereditary Habsburg possession
Gustavus Adolphus
king of Sweden; revived Sweden; transformed it into great Baltic power’ brought army to North Germany; died in the Battle of Lutzen
Edict of Restitution
passed by Ferdinand II; prohibited calvinist worship; restored all property taken by Protestants back to the Catholic church; later annuled to make peace with German princes
Wallenstein
commander of imperial forces; bohemian nobleman; became wealthiest landowner; forces defeated protestant army at Dessau; operated in Northern Germany; lost at the Battle of Lutzen; assassinated in 1643 on orders of Emperor Ferdinand`
Christian IV
king of Denmark; lead an army in Northern Germany; made an anti-Hasburg, anti-Catholic alliance with United Provinces; wanted to gain possession of Catholic territories in Nothern Germany; defeated in 1626 by an army of the Catholic League
Cardinal Richelieu
ruled with Marie; reforms set stage for Louis to be true ruler of France; lead the French army in the Franco-Swedish Phase
Battle of Lutzen
voctory for Swedish forces; Swedish king was killed in the battle
Catholic League
created to counteract the creation of the Protestant Union; organized by Duke Maximilian of the south German state of Bavaria
four phases of the war
Bohemian Phase (1618-1625), Danish Phase (1625-1629), Swedish Phase (1630-1635), Franco-Swedish Phase (1635-1648); see study guide for details about each phase
Jacques Callot
baroque printmaker and draftsman from the dutchy of Lorraine; helped in the development of old master print
Peace of Westphalia
all german states were free to determine their own religion; religion and politics were separate
Defenstration of Prague
central to the start of the Thirty Years’ War in 1618, some members of the Bohemian aristocracy rebelled
Conquistadors
Conquerers, leaders of Spanish conquests in the Americas, especially Mexico and Peru, 16th century
Ecomienda
In Spanish America, economic/social organization in which a Spaniard was given royal grant that enabled them to collect tribute from Indians and use them for labor (later treated them like slaves)
Mita
In Peru, Spain made a system that let Spaniards use natives as laborers for the silver mines
Potosi mines
Silver mines in Bolivia, controlled by Spain
Mestizo
Mixed race of Spanish and Native American
Mulattoes
Mixed race of White and Black
Peninsulares
Spanish born living in the New World
Creoles
Mixed Race of European and Black
Hernán Cortés
Marched into Tenochtitlán, capital of Aztecs, destroyed city and massacred the king and the natives
Francisco Pizzaro
Overthrew Incan Empire, established Encomienda
John Cabot
Explored New England with support from King Henry VII of England
Amerigo Vespucci
Wrote a series of letters describing the geography of the New World, publication of these letters led to America being named after him
Portolani
Charts made by medieval navigators, great use for voyages because of the details
“putting out” system
Entrepenuaers bought raw materials and put it out to rural worked to turn it into something else for them to sell
domestic system
Same as the putting out system
Mercantilism
Economic theory that a nation’s prosperity depended on its supply of gold and silver and that total volume of trade is unchangeable; encouraged exports and discouraged imports by using tariffs
Join-stock Company
A company or association that raises capital by selling shares to individuals who receive dividends on their investment while a board of directors runs the company
Colombian Exchange
The reciprocal importation and exportation of plants and animals between Europe and the Americas
Entrepreneur
One who organizes, operates, and assumes the risk in a business venture in the expectation of making a profit
Jacob Fugger
Monopoly silver, copper, and mercury mines in Habsburg central Europe, became bankrupt when Habsburgs defaulted on their loans
Guild
a medieval association of craftsmen or merchants, often having considerable power.
Triangular Trade
Trade between Africa europe and the New World that included slaves and a lot of precious metals
middle Passage
the stage of the triangular trade in which millions of Africans were shipped to the New World as part of the Atlantic slave trade.
usury
the illegal action or practice of lending money at unreasonably high rates of interest.
siglo de oro
a period of flourishing in arts and literature in Spain, coinciding with the political rise and decline of the Spanish Habsburg dynasty. Between 1492 and 1659
Escorial
the most important architectural monument of the Spanish Renaissance. Construction of El Escorial began in 1563 and ended in 1584.
Philip II
King of Spain during Spanish-Netherlands War
Battle of Lepanto
Naval Battle in 1571 where the Holy League led by Don Juan defeated the Ottoman Turks
Council of Troubles
Council set up by duke of Alva in Netherlands that executed many aristocrats in the area.
Duke of Norfolk
The Duke of Norfolk is, moreover, the Earl Marshal and hereditary Marshal of England.
Prince of Parma
He is best known for his successful campaign 1578-1592 against the Dutch Revolt, in which he captured the main cities in the south.
Union of Utrecht
North 7 Netherlands Provinces that separated and were protestant. Led by William of Orange
Union of Arras
Southern 10 Netherlands Provinces. Were Catholic and went back to Spanish rule.
William of Orange
the main leader of the Dutch revolt against the Spanish Habsburgs that resulted in the formal independence of the United Provinces in 1581.
Sir Francis Drake
an English sea captain who helped Elizabeth capture some Spanish fleets filled with gold from New World and later on defeat the Spanish Armada
Armada Catolica
a Spanish fleet that attacked England in the hopes that england would fall.
Spanish Armada
a Spanish fleet that attacked England in the hopes that england would fall.
“Protestant Winds”
The storm that lashed the Spanish Armada. The wind wrecked the Spanish fleet and thus saved England from invasion by the army of Philip II of Spain.
Duke of Alva
Sent by Phillip II to Netherlands to take control over area. Used Council of Troubles
Mary Queen of Scots
Elizabeth’s Catholis cousin who tried to kill Elizabeth so she was killed
Thirty-Nine Articles
Elizabeth’s answers to theological questions that were between Lutheran and Calvinist
Puritans
a member of a group of English Protestants of the late 16th and 17th centuries who regarded the Reformation of the Church of England under Elizabeth as incomplete and sought to simplify and regulate forms of worship.
Don Juan
Crazy commander of Armada. Believed that God would allow Spanish to win and he would be able to rule England with Mary of Scots.
Twelve Years’ Truce
cessation of hostilities between the Habsburg rulers of Spain and the Southern Netherlands and the Dutch Republic as agreed in Antwerp on 9 April 1609.
