UNIT I: LEARNER – CENTERED PSYCHOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES

Question 1

The mental processes involved in gaining knowledge and
comprehension.

Answer 1

Cognitive Factor

Question 2

What processes are included in cognitive factors?

Answer 2

thinking, knowing, remembering, judging, and problem-solving. (TKRJPs)

Question 3

it monitors the relative effectiveness and success of any specific technique they use and then self-regulate to redirect their strategy as needed.

Answer 3

Metacognitive Factor

Question 4

This ability to be ______ and______ is at the heart of
metacognition

Answer 4

self-aware and reflective

Question 5

allow learners to become progressively more effective at learning

Answer 5

self-regulatory processes

Question 6

The term comes from the root word ____, meaning “beyond”.

Answer 6

meta

Question 7

• a higher level of cognition
• Can be used to help students learn what to learn
• One of the most powerful predictors of learning.
• Involves thinking about one’s own thinking process such as study skills, memory capabilities, and the ability to monitor learning. This concept needs to be explicitly taught along with content instruction.

“knowing what we know” and “what we don’t know”

“cognition about cognition”, “thinking about thinking”, “knowing about
knowing”, becoming “aware of one’s awareness” and higher-order thinking
skills, “knowledge of cognition”

Answer 7

metacognition

Question 8

metacognition is labelled by American developmental psychologist, _______ in 1976

Answer 8

John H. Flavell

Question 9

______ said that metacognition is the knowledge you have of your
own cognitive processes (your thinking). It is your ability to
control your thinking processes through various strategies, such
as organizing, monitoring, and adapting.

Answer 9

John H. Flavell, Flavell

Question 10

it is about one’s own cognitive processes
and the understanding of how to regulate those processes to
maximize learning.

Answer 10

Metacognitive knowledge

Question 11

Forms of Metacognition (2)

Answer 11

1. knowledge about cognition
2. regulation of cognition

Question 12

being aware of one’s own learning and memory capabilities and of what
learning task can be accomplished

Answer 12

knowledge about cognition

Question 13

• learning which learning strategies are effective and which are not
• knowledge about when and how to use (control) particular strategies
  for learning or for problem-solving

Answer 13

regulation of cognition

Question 14

Components of Metacognitive Knowledge(3)

Answer 14

DECLARATIVE KNOWLEDGE
PROCEDURAL KNOWLEDGE
CONDITIONAL KNOWLEDGE

Question 15

• Knowledge about things
• Knowledge about one’s own abilities
• Knowledge about factors affecting one’s performance

Answer 15

Declarative Knowledge

Question 16

• Knowledge on how to do things
• Knowledge on how to execute skills

Answer 16

Procedural knowledge

Question 17

• Knowledge on when and why to apply cognitive acts
• Knowledge on when a strategy is appropriate

Answer 17

Conditional Knowledge

Question 18

strategies for developing metacognitive behavior (6)

Answer 18

1. Identifying what you know and what you do not know.
2. Talking about thinking
3. Keeping a thinking journal
4. Planning and self-regulation
5. Debriefing/examine the thinking process
6. Self evaluation

Question 19

The learning of complicated subject matter is most effective when it is an
intentional process of constructing meaning from information and experience

Answer 19

Principle 1. Nature of the Learning Process

Question 20

The successful learner, over time and with
Support and instructional guidance, can create
Meaningful, coherent representation of knowledge.

Answer 20

Principle 2. Goal of the Learning Process

Question 21

The successful learner can link new information with existing knowledge in
meaningful ways.

Answer 21

Principle 3. Construction of Knowledge

Question 22

The successful learner can create and use a
Repertoire of thinking and reasoning strategies to
Achieve complex learning goals.

Answer 22

Principle 4. Strategic Thinking

Question 23

Higher-order strategies for selecting and monitoring mental operations
facilititate creative and critical thinking.

Answer 23

Principle 5. Thinking about thinking

Question 24

Learning is influenced by environmental
Factors, including culture, technology, and
Instructional practices

Answer 24

Principle 6. Context of Learning

Question 25

What and how much is learned is influenced by the learners’ motivation.
* Motivation to learn, in turn, is influenced by individual states, beliefs and
interests, goals and habits of thinking

Answer 25

Principle 7. Motivational and Emotional Influences on Learning

Question 26

The learner’s creativity, higher-order thinking, and natural
curiosity all contribute to motivation to learn.
* Relevant to personal interests, and providing for personal
choice and control

Answer 26

Principle 8. Intrinsic Motivation to Learn

Question 27

The acquisition of knowledge and skills demands a great deal of effort,
time, and energy.

Answer 27

Principle 9. Effects of Motivation on Effort

Question 28

As individuals develop, there are different opportunities and constraints
for learning.

Answer 28

Principle 10. Developmental Influence on Learning

Question 29

Learning is influenced by :
* social interactions
* Interpersonal relations
* communication with others

Answer 29

Principle 11. Social Influences on Learning

Question 30

Learners have different strategies, approaches and capabilities for
learning that are a function of prior experience and heredity.

Answer 30

Principle 12. Individual differences in learning

Question 31

Learning is most effective when differences in learners’ linguistic,
cultural, and social backgrounds are taken into account.

Answer 31

Principle 13. Learning and Diversity

Question 32

Setting appropriately high and challenging standards and assessing the
learner as well as the learning progress – including diagnostic, process,
and outcome assessment – are integral parts of the learning process.

Answer 32

Principle 14. Standards and Assessment