unit four Flashcards
what are the components of growth and development?
physical- growth and development of bodies bones, muscles, nervous system
cognitive-
ability to interoperate and process info- establishment of persons self concept and awareness
social-
development of relationships with others
emotional-
manage and regulate emotions
concept of age
- different types of age
chronological age- measured in years/ months
skeletal age- indicated by physical maturity of skeleton
developmental age-
interaction between physical, cognitive, social, emotional
RAE
relative age defect
-age different than development
-jan vs dec birthdays
stages of human development
stage one
infancy/ toddler stage (0-3y)
-most significant
-head and chest grow rapid, allowing heart and lungs to develop quickly
-muscular development and motor skills develop (crawling, grasping, walking)
stages of human development
stage two- childhood
childhood stage (4-10y)
-important base of motor skills
introduced to sport and games
stages to human development
puberty and adolescence stage (11-18y)
puberty
-physic logical changes
- sex organs
-psychological adjustment
-social relationships
stages of human development
adulthood stage (18+)
physcial changes
-gain weight
-weakening of joint (knee, hip)
-increase blood pressure
active for life
canandian physical activity guideline
recommends adults/ senoirs 150 min activity per week
strength train x2 per week
peak height velocity
measure of max rate of growth in height occurs in grow spurt
critical periods of human growth and development
hormonal changes- bones more susceptible to growing denser
stronger our bones are at young age, more protection against bone decay later in life
two main sequences that affect development
cephalocaudal sequence
- growth progresses first in head, followed by trunk
Proximodistal sequence
-body movement that originate close to the center of body development earlier
ex. move shoulders before fingers
center of mass is higher in infants- relatively unstable
factors affecting physical growth and development
hormonal activity
endocrine gland
- produce, release hormones, regulate metabolism, growth and development, tissue functioning , sexual function, sleep, reproduction
pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid/ adrenal gland, pancreas (secrete hormones travel throughout blood)
endocrine system
pituitary gland- human growth hormone
- responsible for stimulation of bone/muscular development
-decrease after 30- less lean muscle mass
thyroid gland- thyroxine
- metabolic functions, normal growth and development
gonadal gland
- secrets testosterone and estrogen
sociocultural factor
influences within communities, encourage participation
financial situation
discrimination based on race
beliefs, values, morals
cognitive development
gradual changes in a persons informational processing, conceptual ability, perceptual skills, language learning, other aspects of brain development
(ability to think and understand)
jean piaget (1896-1980)
four stages
-sensonmotor stage
-pre-operational stage
-concrete operational stage
-formal operational stage
“child centered” approach to learning
-way children interpret and assimilate new experiences
jean piaget : sensorimotor stage
infancy, 0-2 years old
- knowledge is based purely on immediate experiences
- “object permenance” objects exists outside of eyesight
- early language abilities
jean piaget: pre-operational stage
2-7 years old
- intelligence through use of symbols, letters, numbers and real life objects
-language abilities begin, memory, imagination
reversibility- not able to reverse process
“egocentric thinking” incapable of understanding another persons point of view
terms:
stability
balance
mass
centre of mass
base of support
The quality, state, or degree of being
stable and capable of resisting a change in
motion.
- Balance: An even distribution of mass enabling
someone or something to remain steady. - Mass: The quantity of matter contained within an
object or body. - Centre of mass: The imaginary middle point
around which the mass of an object or person is
balanced. This is sometimes referred to as the
centre of gravity, which is not always accurate. - Base of support: The supporting area beneath an
object or body; its limits are defined by the points
of contact with the supporting surface.
jean piaget- concrete operational stage (7-11y)
- logical thinking develops
-solve hands on problems
-learn “reversibility”
- limit egocentric thought- develop empathy
jean piaget- formal operational stage (11-15y)
able to use logic, understanding symbols related to abstract concepts
motor learning stages
cognitive stage- basic understanding how to perform a task
associative stage- begin to refine skills, aware of mistakes they are making
autonomous stage- dont have to think about it
fundamental movement skills
stability( balance)
locomotion (traveling)
manipulation (object control)
skill transferability
-transfer skills to improve performance in another activity
sport psychology
study of people think, feel and behave in sporting situations
what does it mean to be “in the zone”
and tools
complete concentration, sense of control
tools- self talk, relaxation/arousal/improve motivation/ concentration and coping
positive self talk, help with relaxation and focus
motivation
extrinsic vs intrinsic factors
extrinsic factors
- material awards
ex. medals, trophies, money
intrinsic factors
-goals more tangible, self orientated (fun, love of competition)
mental fitness
athletes ability to regulate thoughts, feelings, behaviors
-to maximize focus
-what say to themselves, what say in mind, how feel (managing emotions), how act
what factors effect skill development?
- individual
-environmental
-task constraints
individual constraints
- physical (ex. height, weight, build)
- psychological (ex. motivational, attention span)
- behavioral (ex. short attention span, focus)
environmental constants
- external factors
-sociocultural (ex. socialization, cultural identity)
-physical (ex. wind, temp, air pollution)
task constraints
- rules of the game, equipment, sports goals
coaching styles
authoritarian
-emphasizes discipline “drill surgent”
Business like
-professional approach
-top effort expected, high goals
nice guy
-encouraging, positive reinforcement
intense
-strong intense focus, emphansizes winning
easy going
- casual approach
-do not push athletes in training
biomechanics
physics underlying physical movement and sport
force
-push or pull
-both magnitude (size) and direction (known as vector quantities)
-measured in newtons (N)
internal and external forces
external
-forces orginate outside the object or body ‘
internal
- within the body
-muscle contractions (generates force that results in the movement of the bone which is attached)
upward/downward face of bicep curl
sir Isaac Newton
- Law of Interia
- Law of acceleration
3 laws of motion
- analyzed over with same result
- law of interia
- body in motion will stay in motion/ rest unless acted upon by another force
Interia- property of matter that causes an object to resist any change in motion - law of acceleration
(F=MA) force= mass/ acceleration
(F=N - newtons (re- arrange formula)
M=Kg
A= m/s
more force added to blocking sled- player must generate more force for sled to accelerate at the same rate
or
applying more force when a tennis player hits the ball, causing ball to accelerate faster
3.law of reaction
reaction force is equal and opposite in magnitude and direction to applied force
(pushing off starting blocks, generate equal reaction force, equal/opposite in direction)
3 types of levers
-fulcrum (or joint- axis of rotation)
-effort- application of forces
- load (mass of object/body part being moved)
class 1 lever ex. speed &/or force advantage
class 2 lever
small effort, large load (force advantage)
ex. wheelbarrow
class 3 lever.
speed advantage (lighter restiance, greater way of motion)
ex. baseball bat, hockey stick
types of motion
and types of force (centric / eccentric)
linear
- body move same distance in same direction
angular (rotational)
-movement of body on axis
-forces does not act through, “off center”- results in rotation
centric force- force applied directly through center of object, results in linear motion only
eccentric- off center force, rotational motion
resultant forces
-linear motion of humans is a result of the interaction of a combination of forces
touque
turning, twisting effecy provided when a force applied to a body at some distance from axis of rotation (AOR)q
static vs dynamic movement
static- constant state of unchanging motion
dynamic- change rate of movement, result of forces applied to it
stability
greater mass, lower center of mass to base of support
center of mass
-greater in mass/weight,
greater résistance to change in linear motion
mass is concentrated, lowering center of mass-more stable
principle two (production of max force)
how do you have max force?
sequenced joint rotations
lift heavy objects, slow and controlled, high intensity movement
if the ROM is restricted at any joint, fewer muscles are able to contribute and
*less force is produced
maximum velocity- requires use of joints in order from largest to smallest
principle three (production of max velocity)
max velocity sports (tennis serve, pitching a baseball)
more successful if larger, slower joints begin movement, smaller joints come into action later
ex. baseball pitch
Force vs velocity
Force: is any influence causes an object or body to undergo movement or
a change in movement or direction.
Velocity: the rate and direction of motion of an
object or body
( calculated as the change in
displacement (or position) of the object or body of )
time
what are the three different ways of human rotation?
rotational or angular movement in three different ways
1. rotations of projections or other objects etc. rotation of hockey stick
- rotations of the entire human body. about one of three axis (e.g. tumble of gymnast)
- rotations of individual body segments (e.g. softball throw, baseball pitch)
rotation of body
rotating object that is acten apon a force that is off center causing body to rotate on axis
principle four ( impulse momentum relationship)
GREATER APPLIED IMPLUSE, GREATER INCREASE IN VELOCITY
impulse- application of force over a period of time
(impulse= force x time)
velocity- rate or direction of an object or body
momentum= mass x velocity
ex. greater pushing force, greater amount time which force is applied to the ball, results in greater impulse
ex. jump serve in volleyball
principle five (direction of application of applied force)
movement usually occurs in the direction opposite to applied force
action- equal/opposite reactions
ex. push on arm rest to help stand up
ex. push off swim blocks
principle six (production of angular motion- torque)
angular motion is produced by the application of a force acting at some distance from the axis, that is by torque
torque- turning effect (applied force, length of lever arm, angle of applied force)
easier to initiate rotation as far away as possible from axis
golf swing- torque generated too great- tendonitis , bad technique (inflammation of tendon, overuse injury)
principle seven- conservation of angular momentum
(angular momentum, angular velocity)
angular momentum- quantity of motion contained within a object or body
-product of the rate, the athlete is rotating
angular velocity- extent to which their body resist angular motion
methods of movement analysis
qualitive (non- numerical)
-observing patterns and sequences
-technique, movement patterns
quantative (numerical)
biomechanical assessment and analysis -
how can you have max force and max velocity in a movement?
max force-
sequenced joint rotations (joints big-small)
full range of motion (no restricted joints- disease)
max velocity-
larger/ slower joints begin movement,
smaller joints come into action later
