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Kin > articular system Ch. 5/6 > Flashcards

articular system Ch. 5/6 Flashcards

1
Q

how many bones are in the human body?

A

206 bones
300 at birth- several bones fuse together as growth takes place

14% body weight

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2
Q

what are bones composed of?

A
  • living tissue (bone cells, fat cells, blood vessels)
    -non living material (water and minerals)
    -primarily calcium
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3
Q

what happening during osteoporosis?
ways to prevent?

A
  • bones become increasingly more weak/brittle and breakable
    -low bone mass/deterioration, more susceptible to bone fractures
    -degenerative disease

-no cure- prevent by:
-balanced diet
-weight bearing exercise
-avoidance of smoking

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4
Q

what does collagen (protein) help ?

A
  • gives bone flexibility, helps resist pulling forces
    -with age collagen is slowly lost and bone becomes more brittle
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5
Q

what is calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate responsible for?

A

60-70% of bone weight
provides bones with stiffness and resistance

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6
Q

what does the skeletal system provide?

A
  • structural support

(support soft tissue, muscles, internal organs)(brain-protected by skull)

-growth center for cells and pallets made in bones

-reservoir of minerals
(regulate levels of calcium and phosphorus in body)

-movement

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7
Q

what are the five basic type of bones?

A

-long bone (femur/thigh)
-flat bone (roof/skull)
-irregular bone (vertebra)
-sesamoid bone (patella)
-short bone (wrist bone)

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8
Q

what is the long bone made up of?

A

cartilage
-located both ends
-allows for smooth movements within joints

periosteum
-outer connective tissue covers the entire length of bone

,medullary cavity
-inside shaft of bone
-filled with yellow or red bone marrow
red- blood cell formation occurs
yellow-fat cell and connective tissue that has no role in blood cell formation

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9
Q

what is the diaphysis?

A

where the bone is the thickest

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10
Q

what is the compact bone?
what is the cancellous bone?

A

*compact bone- dense part of bone, responsible for structural integrity

*cancellous bone-spongy bone
filled with marrow in cavity like spaces

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11
Q

what is the epiphysis?

A

the end of the bone
-outer surface of it is made up of compact bone and cartilage

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12
Q

epiphyseal plates

A
  • growth plate
    -thin layer of cartilage that lies between the epiphyses and metaphyses
  • where the growth of long bones takes place.
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13
Q

what does the cortex do (long bone)

A

-exterior layer of bone
-dense and smooth, various thickness
-interior core consists of networks of fibers (trabeculae) that mesh with blood vessles and bone marrow

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14
Q

what is trabecuae?

A

-inside long bone
-bony fibers arranged in structure systems running throughout the cancellous tissue
-density varries

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15
Q

human skeleton
what are the two main parts?

A

axial skeleton
-vertebral column (spine), skull, rib cage
appendicular skeleton

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16
Q

axial skeleton

A

80 bones
most of body’s core muscles originate
-core muscles help stabilize and support
-provide proper alignment and posture

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17
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

-moveable limbs and supporting structures

6major regions (pectoral girdle, arms and forearms, hands, pevlis, thighs and legs, feet and ankle)

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18
Q

what is a bone landmark?

A

ridge, bump, groove, depression on the surface of the bone that serves as a guide

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19
Q

what are the three main types of fractures?

A

1.simple
no separation of bone, instead break or crack

2.compound
bone breaks into separate pieces
result of major blow

3.comminuted
both ends of bone shatter into many pieces

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20
Q

what are the symtoms of fractures?

A

sharp pain/tendernes
swelling
discolouration of skin

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21
Q

what are stress fractures?

A

tiny crack in bone, caused by rapid increase in activity

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22
Q

what are shin splints?

A
  • stress fracture
    -occurring on the medial/posterior or lateral/anterior side of the tibia caused by repetitive overuse
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23
Q

what is RED-S syndrome

A

relative energy deficiency in sports
-(female athlete traid)

not enough calories consumed for energy expender

-effects hormonal pathways
-loss of menstrual cycle
-decreased bone density
-effect immunity, protein synthesis, mental energy,
-concentration levels

amenorrhea-loss of period can decrease your estrogen, weaken bones and lead to stress fractures

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24
Q

what are ligaments?

A

thick band of fibrous tissue that help thicken and reineforce the joint capsule

connect BONE TO BONE
PREVENT BONE FROM DISLOCATING

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25
Q

what is the patellas function?

A

patella bone in front to protect of knee cavity (ligaments) and joint capsule in flexion

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26
Q

what are tendons?

A

attach muscles to bones

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27
Q

what is the difference between a dislocation and separation?

A

dislocation- bone Displaced from its joint
-could cause ligament and joint damage

separation- damage to ligaments, connecting tissue

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28
Q

what joint is most susceptible to injury?

A

ball and socket joint
-most manurable joint

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29
Q

what is the difference between a strain and sprain?

A

strain- occur in muscles and tendons

sprain- when ligament is overstretched

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30
Q

what is osteoarthritis?

A

the loss of cartilage at JOINTS

itis- irritation of joints

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31
Q

why are females more susceptible to joint related injuries?

A

-more flexible, and more flexible joints and ligaments
-ACL rupture 10x more likely in females compared to males
-testosterone acts to strengthen the ligaments

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32
Q

what is bursitis?

A

INFLAMATION of FLUID SAC
at the friction points between, tendons, ligaments and bones

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33
Q

describe joint hypermobility

A

-born unusually flexible

COLLAGEN in ligaments is LOOSER- increasing mobility
ex. thumb to wrist

bones are shaped differently with SHALLOWER SOCKETS
ex. completely out of socket without pain

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34
Q

what are the risks of joint hypermobility

A

-increase risk of sprains and osteoarthritis

-increased risk of mental health issues
due to LOWER COLLAGEN levels in ligaments affecting proper blood circulation

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35
Q

what’s the best way to prevent injury to a joint

A

strengthen muscles around the joint
to keep muscle more stable and stronger

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36
Q

number of axis of a joint (three types)

A

uniaxial- moves mainly in one plane (elbow)
biaxial-moves in two planes (thumbs and wrists)
triaxial or multiaxial- moves in three places (hip and shoulder)

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37
Q

main ligaments of the knee joint (4)
(names and uses)

A

*ACL- anterior cruciate ligament
-anterior movement, anterior stability

PCL- posterior cruciate ligament
-posterior movement, posterior stability

*MCL- medial collateral ligament
- stops medial movement of the tibia, providing medial stability

LCL- lateral collateral ligament
- helps stop lateral movement, lateral stability

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38
Q

what are cartilage joints?

A

one bone connects by cartilage, allowing slight movement

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39
Q

what is the articular system?

A

joints of the human body and the surrounding tissue
(three types of joints )
-fibrous joint
-cartilaginous joints
-synovial joint

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40
Q

what are synovial joints ?

A

ARTICULAR CARTILAGE
- flexible and connective tissue
-protects ends of the bone, smooth contact surface

BURSAE
-small fluid sac

JOINT CAPSULE
(consist of fibrous capsule, and synovial membrane)
-fibrous capsule- keeps synovial fluid from leaking
-synovial membrane- allows certain nutrients to pass

JOINT CAVITY
- filled with synovial fluid- aka. lubricant for joint

41
Q

intrinsic vs extrinsic ligaments

A

intrinsic
- thick bands of connective tissue
-help thicken and reinforce the joint capsule

extrinsic ligaments
-separate from the joint capsule
-help reinforce the joint by attaching bones together

42
Q

where does patella tendon attach to?

A

tibia

43
Q

origin vs inversion

A

origin- muscle attach to stable/stationary bone
(stable )

inversion- point where muscle attach to bone that is moved most

44
Q

what do stabilizers do?

A

provide support, hold joint in place so desired movement can occur at a another joint

ex. running
hip and torso are stabilizer
quad and hamstring act as agonist/ antagonist

45
Q

how are skeletal muscles named?

A

-action
-location
-shape
-direction of fibers
-number of heads/divisions
-point of attachment

46
Q

muscles pull never push

A

build muscle- contract in direction of muscle fibers are running

47
Q

how are skeletal muscles arranged?

ex. leg extention

A

-opposing pairs

AGONIST MUSCLE
-primary responsible muscle

ANTAGONSIT MUSCLE
-muscle that counteracts the agonist

ex. leg extention
agonist- quad
antagonist- ham

48
Q

what does that musculoskeletal system include?

A

bones, joints, and muscles
provide support and stability

49
Q

what are the three types of muscle tissue?

A

muscle tissue- cells that shorten during contraction

smooth muscle- surrounding body’s internal organs including blood vessels, hair follicles, urinary, and digestive track
- involuntary

cardiac muscle-
-only found in heart
-involuntary

skeletal muscle-
- type of muscles attached to bones (by tendons/ other tissues)
-voluntary
striated- alternating light/dark strip

50
Q

What is cartilage (long bone)

A
  • located at both ends
  • allows for smooth movement with joints
51
Q

What is periosteum (long bone)

A
  • outer connective tissue that covers the entire length of bone
52
Q

What is the medullary cavity? (Lone bone)

A

inside shaft of bone
Filled will yellow and red bone marrow

Red- cell formation occurs
Yellow- fat cell and connective tissue that has no role in blood cell formation

53
Q

Diaphyis

A

Where bone is the thickest

54
Q

Tommy John surgery

A
  • stabilizes inner side or the elbow with tissue from somewhere else in the body
  • drill tunnels in ulna and base or humerus
  • thread tendon
  • tendon functions as ligament. Stabilizing joint
55
Q

three types of muscle contraction?

A
  1. ISOTONIC
    - concentric contraction
    (shortening)
    -eccentric contraction
    (lengthening)

2.ISOMETRIC
(static) muscle fibers do not change in length

  1. ISOKINETIC
    -shortening and lengthening
    (riding a bike)
56
Q

what type of muscle contraction is most important?

A

eccentric contraction
-lengthening
-lowering of bicep curl etc.

57
Q

increasing size, build new muscle (exposed to higher workloads than they are used to)

A

muscular hypertrophy

58
Q

muscles not exposed continuously exposed to resistance- SHRINK

A

muscular atrophy

59
Q

what makes muscles grow?

A

adequate levels of testosterone, insulin growth factor, protein

-muscles need proper nutrition and rest

60
Q

What is the motor unit

A

Motor neuron, axon and muscle fibres are referred to as the motor unit

61
Q

Nerve impulses

A
  • nerve transmit impulses in waves
  • single nervous impulse resulting in contraction - muscle twitch
  • one nerve can stimulate a number of muscle fibres
62
Q

Fine vs gross motor movement

A

Fine motor movement
- stimulates few muscle fibres (slow twitch generally)

Gross motor movement
- stimulate a lot of muscle fibres

63
Q

What is the all or none principle

A
  • all fibres with contract at full potential or none will
  • each motor unit must fire and contract at the same time
64
Q

Explain the sliding filament theory

A
  • muscles convert chemical energy into mechanical energy
  • calcium is the trigger mechanism
  • calcium distracts troponin and tropomyosin (removes obstacles) allowing myosin to bind to actin
  • muscle contacts through overlapping if actin and myosin
  • causes sarcomere to contact (shorten
65
Q

what are the two types of muscle contraction

A

Static. No movement is visible when muscle is producing tension

Dynamic. Movement occurs

66
Q

Iso contraction

A
67
Q

what is a bruise called?

A

-CONTUSION
- injured capillary or blood vessel
- type of hematoma (collection of blood outside of a blood vessel)

68
Q

what is a bone contusion?

A

Bone contusion
- bones are made of tissue or blood vessel
- any injury to this tissue can cause one or more blood vessels to leak blood
- take longer to heal (1-2 months)

69
Q

what is a soft tissue contusion?

A
  • few days to heal
    a muscle or skin tissue injuries
70
Q

why take ice baths

A

muscle recovery (sooth muscles, reduce inflammation)
mental health
improve concentration
simulate central nervous system
develops breathing

71
Q

what is tendonitis?

A

inflammation of a tendon
overused injury

itis-inflammation/irritation

72
Q

what is tennis elbow?

A

tendonitis
-lateral epicondylitis

73
Q

what is golfers elbow?

A

tendonitis
-medial epicondylitis

74
Q

what is fascia?

A

connective tissue

wraps around every organ, muscle, nerve, bone, etc.
allowing movement- glide fluidly over one another

75
Q

what is myofascial?

A

myo- muscle
fascia- sheath of encasing fibrous tissue
improve movement pattern

76
Q

central nervous system

A

accepts and coordinates info
brain and spinal cord

77
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

AUTONOMIC (involuntary)
- sympathetic
(prepares for emergencies)

-parasympathetic
(return body to normal)

SOMATIC (voluntary)
- awareness of environment
(afferent- send into to CNS
efferent- send info skeletal muscles

78
Q

afferent vs efferent

A

afferent- send info to CNS

efferent- send info skeletal muscles to complete action

79
Q

peripheral nervous system- autonomic

A

involuntary

SYMPATHETIC - prepare for emergencies

PARASYMPATHETIC - return body to normal after stress

*opposing systems

80
Q

neurons

A

specialized cells that transmit nerve impulses

81
Q

what are the three types of neurons?

A

sensory neurons- detect info from outside world

motor neurons- send signals away from central nervous system, cause a response

interneurons- form interconnections between other neurons in CNS

82
Q

limb “falling asleep”

A
  • compression on sensory nerves
  • cannot send/fire symbols- do not transmit any info, feels numb

-once numbness is gone- sensation returns and experience pins and needles
this is your nerves firing off and paniking

83
Q

reflexes

A

automatic, unconscious and rapid response to a particular stimulus

84
Q

cerebral cortex vs spinal reflex

A

command located in brain

control located in spinal cord

85
Q

what do autonomic reflexes do?

A

regulate body functions

-puplis dilate/constrict
-digestion, blood pressure etc.

86
Q

reflex arc

A
87
Q

what is DOMS

A

delayed onset muscle soreness

minimized- by proper warm up and cool down
-gradually increase intensity of exercise- do not go too hard after a long time off
-micro tears in muscles

88
Q

muscle spindles

A
  • maintain muscle tension
    -monitor muscle action
    -sensitive to changes in muscle length (rather than tension)
89
Q

Golgi tendon organs

A

-detect change in muscle tension
-help PROTECT THE MUSCLE FROM EXCESSIVE TENSION
-important of developing strength and power

90
Q

what are muscle spasms?

A
  • involuntary muscle contraction does not relax
    -muscle seizes, elicited by motor neuron hyperexcitability

hyperexcitability
-spontaneous muscular activity resulting from repetitive motor unit action potentials

–defense mechanism
- brain is signaling muscle to protect area in body

91
Q

what are muscle cramps?

A
  • painful prolonged muscle spasm
92
Q

what are muscle twitches?

A

(muscle fasciculations)
-small involuntary muscle contractions
only some muscle fibers contract

-nerve damage may cause this, latic acid buildup, dehydration, caffeine and nicotine

93
Q

side cramp (side stich)

A

-cramp spasm in diaphragm
inhale- liver is attached to diaphragm by two ligaments, as you inhale you yank diaphragm

results in sharp pain in ribs by liver

94
Q

importance of dehydrated

A

maintain balance of fluids
energize muscles

95
Q

types of synovial joints

A

gliding joint
hinge joint
pivot joint
saddle joint
ball-socket joint

96
Q

RICE

A

rest
compression
ice
elevate

physio, surgury,

97
Q

types of synovial joints and examples

A

ball and

98
Q

what are synovial joints?

A

allow for the most movement

articular cartilage- smooth movement

synovial capsule- filled with synovial fluid acts as a lubricant

99
Q

what are fibrous joints?

A

joints filled with strong fibrous tissue

allow little to no movement

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