articular system Ch. 5/6 Flashcards
how many bones are in the human body?
206 bones
300 at birth- several bones fuse together as growth takes place
14% body weight
what are bones composed of?
- living tissue (bone cells, fat cells, blood vessels)
-non living material (water and minerals)
-primarily calcium
what happening during osteoporosis?
ways to prevent?
- bones become increasingly more weak/brittle and breakable
-low bone mass/deterioration, more susceptible to bone fractures
-degenerative disease
-no cure- prevent by:
-balanced diet
-weight bearing exercise
-avoidance of smoking
what does collagen (protein) help ?
- gives bone flexibility, helps resist pulling forces
-with age collagen is slowly lost and bone becomes more brittle
what is calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate responsible for?
60-70% of bone weight
provides bones with stiffness and resistance
what does the skeletal system provide?
- structural support
(support soft tissue, muscles, internal organs)(brain-protected by skull)
-growth center for cells and pallets made in bones
-reservoir of minerals
(regulate levels of calcium and phosphorus in body)
-movement
what are the five basic type of bones?
-long bone (femur/thigh)
-flat bone (roof/skull)
-irregular bone (vertebra)
-sesamoid bone (patella)
-short bone (wrist bone)
what is the long bone made up of?
cartilage
-located both ends
-allows for smooth movements within joints
periosteum
-outer connective tissue covers the entire length of bone
,medullary cavity
-inside shaft of bone
-filled with yellow or red bone marrow
red- blood cell formation occurs
yellow-fat cell and connective tissue that has no role in blood cell formation
what is the diaphysis?
where the bone is the thickest
what is the compact bone?
what is the cancellous bone?
*compact bone- dense part of bone, responsible for structural integrity
*cancellous bone-spongy bone
filled with marrow in cavity like spaces
what is the epiphysis?
the end of the bone
-outer surface of it is made up of compact bone and cartilage
epiphyseal plates
- growth plate
-thin layer of cartilage that lies between the epiphyses and metaphyses - where the growth of long bones takes place.
what does the cortex do (long bone)
-exterior layer of bone
-dense and smooth, various thickness
-interior core consists of networks of fibers (trabeculae) that mesh with blood vessles and bone marrow
what is trabecuae?
-inside long bone
-bony fibers arranged in structure systems running throughout the cancellous tissue
-density varries
human skeleton
what are the two main parts?
axial skeleton
-vertebral column (spine), skull, rib cage
appendicular skeleton
axial skeleton
80 bones
most of body’s core muscles originate
-core muscles help stabilize and support
-provide proper alignment and posture
appendicular skeleton
-moveable limbs and supporting structures
6major regions (pectoral girdle, arms and forearms, hands, pevlis, thighs and legs, feet and ankle)
what is a bone landmark?
ridge, bump, groove, depression on the surface of the bone that serves as a guide
what are the three main types of fractures?
1.simple
no separation of bone, instead break or crack
2.compound
bone breaks into separate pieces
result of major blow
3.comminuted
both ends of bone shatter into many pieces
what are the symtoms of fractures?
sharp pain/tendernes
swelling
discolouration of skin
what are stress fractures?
tiny crack in bone, caused by rapid increase in activity
what are shin splints?
- stress fracture
-occurring on the medial/posterior or lateral/anterior side of the tibia caused by repetitive overuse
what is RED-S syndrome
relative energy deficiency in sports
-(female athlete traid)
not enough calories consumed for energy expender
-effects hormonal pathways
-loss of menstrual cycle
-decreased bone density
-effect immunity, protein synthesis, mental energy,
-concentration levels
amenorrhea-loss of period can decrease your estrogen, weaken bones and lead to stress fractures
what are ligaments?
thick band of fibrous tissue that help thicken and reineforce the joint capsule
connect BONE TO BONE
PREVENT BONE FROM DISLOCATING
what is the patellas function?
patella bone in front to protect of knee cavity (ligaments) and joint capsule in flexion
what are tendons?
attach muscles to bones
what is the difference between a dislocation and separation?
dislocation- bone Displaced from its joint
-could cause ligament and joint damage
separation- damage to ligaments, connecting tissue
what joint is most susceptible to injury?
ball and socket joint
-most manurable joint
what is the difference between a strain and sprain?
strain- occur in muscles and tendons
sprain- when ligament is overstretched
what is osteoarthritis?
the loss of cartilage at JOINTS
itis- irritation of joints
why are females more susceptible to joint related injuries?
-more flexible, and more flexible joints and ligaments
-ACL rupture 10x more likely in females compared to males
-testosterone acts to strengthen the ligaments
what is bursitis?
INFLAMATION of FLUID SAC
at the friction points between, tendons, ligaments and bones
describe joint hypermobility
-born unusually flexible
COLLAGEN in ligaments is LOOSER- increasing mobility
ex. thumb to wrist
bones are shaped differently with SHALLOWER SOCKETS
ex. completely out of socket without pain
what are the risks of joint hypermobility
-increase risk of sprains and osteoarthritis
-increased risk of mental health issues
due to LOWER COLLAGEN levels in ligaments affecting proper blood circulation
what’s the best way to prevent injury to a joint
strengthen muscles around the joint
to keep muscle more stable and stronger
number of axis of a joint (three types)
uniaxial- moves mainly in one plane (elbow)
biaxial-moves in two planes (thumbs and wrists)
triaxial or multiaxial- moves in three places (hip and shoulder)
main ligaments of the knee joint (4)
(names and uses)
*ACL- anterior cruciate ligament
-anterior movement, anterior stability
PCL- posterior cruciate ligament
-posterior movement, posterior stability
*MCL- medial collateral ligament
- stops medial movement of the tibia, providing medial stability
LCL- lateral collateral ligament
- helps stop lateral movement, lateral stability
what are cartilage joints?
one bone connects by cartilage, allowing slight movement
what is the articular system?
joints of the human body and the surrounding tissue
(three types of joints )
-fibrous joint
-cartilaginous joints
-synovial joint
what are synovial joints ?
ARTICULAR CARTILAGE
- flexible and connective tissue
-protects ends of the bone, smooth contact surface
BURSAE
-small fluid sac
JOINT CAPSULE
(consist of fibrous capsule, and synovial membrane)
-fibrous capsule- keeps synovial fluid from leaking
-synovial membrane- allows certain nutrients to pass
JOINT CAVITY
- filled with synovial fluid- aka. lubricant for joint
intrinsic vs extrinsic ligaments
intrinsic
- thick bands of connective tissue
-help thicken and reinforce the joint capsule
extrinsic ligaments
-separate from the joint capsule
-help reinforce the joint by attaching bones together
where does patella tendon attach to?
tibia
origin vs inversion
origin- muscle attach to stable/stationary bone
(stable )
inversion- point where muscle attach to bone that is moved most
what do stabilizers do?
provide support, hold joint in place so desired movement can occur at a another joint
ex. running
hip and torso are stabilizer
quad and hamstring act as agonist/ antagonist
how are skeletal muscles named?
-action
-location
-shape
-direction of fibers
-number of heads/divisions
-point of attachment
muscles pull never push
build muscle- contract in direction of muscle fibers are running
how are skeletal muscles arranged?
ex. leg extention
-opposing pairs
AGONIST MUSCLE
-primary responsible muscle
ANTAGONSIT MUSCLE
-muscle that counteracts the agonist
ex. leg extention
agonist- quad
antagonist- ham
what does that musculoskeletal system include?
bones, joints, and muscles
provide support and stability
what are the three types of muscle tissue?
muscle tissue- cells that shorten during contraction
smooth muscle- surrounding body’s internal organs including blood vessels, hair follicles, urinary, and digestive track
- involuntary
cardiac muscle-
-only found in heart
-involuntary
skeletal muscle-
- type of muscles attached to bones (by tendons/ other tissues)
-voluntary
striated- alternating light/dark strip
What is cartilage (long bone)
- located at both ends
- allows for smooth movement with joints
What is periosteum (long bone)
- outer connective tissue that covers the entire length of bone
What is the medullary cavity? (Lone bone)
inside shaft of bone
Filled will yellow and red bone marrow
Red- cell formation occurs
Yellow- fat cell and connective tissue that has no role in blood cell formation
Diaphyis
Where bone is the thickest
Tommy John surgery
- stabilizes inner side or the elbow with tissue from somewhere else in the body
- drill tunnels in ulna and base or humerus
- thread tendon
- tendon functions as ligament. Stabilizing joint
three types of muscle contraction?
- ISOTONIC
- concentric contraction
(shortening)
-eccentric contraction
(lengthening)
2.ISOMETRIC
(static) muscle fibers do not change in length
- ISOKINETIC
-shortening and lengthening
(riding a bike)
what type of muscle contraction is most important?
eccentric contraction
-lengthening
-lowering of bicep curl etc.
increasing size, build new muscle (exposed to higher workloads than they are used to)
muscular hypertrophy
muscles not exposed continuously exposed to resistance- SHRINK
muscular atrophy
what makes muscles grow?
adequate levels of testosterone, insulin growth factor, protein
-muscles need proper nutrition and rest
What is the motor unit
Motor neuron, axon and muscle fibres are referred to as the motor unit
Nerve impulses
- nerve transmit impulses in waves
- single nervous impulse resulting in contraction - muscle twitch
- one nerve can stimulate a number of muscle fibres
Fine vs gross motor movement
Fine motor movement
- stimulates few muscle fibres (slow twitch generally)
Gross motor movement
- stimulate a lot of muscle fibres
What is the all or none principle
- all fibres with contract at full potential or none will
- each motor unit must fire and contract at the same time
Explain the sliding filament theory
- muscles convert chemical energy into mechanical energy
- calcium is the trigger mechanism
- calcium distracts troponin and tropomyosin (removes obstacles) allowing myosin to bind to actin
- muscle contacts through overlapping if actin and myosin
- causes sarcomere to contact (shorten
what are the two types of muscle contraction
Static. No movement is visible when muscle is producing tension
Dynamic. Movement occurs
Iso contraction
what is a bruise called?
-CONTUSION
- injured capillary or blood vessel
- type of hematoma (collection of blood outside of a blood vessel)
what is a bone contusion?
Bone contusion
- bones are made of tissue or blood vessel
- any injury to this tissue can cause one or more blood vessels to leak blood
- take longer to heal (1-2 months)
what is a soft tissue contusion?
- few days to heal
a muscle or skin tissue injuries
why take ice baths
muscle recovery (sooth muscles, reduce inflammation)
mental health
improve concentration
simulate central nervous system
develops breathing
what is tendonitis?
inflammation of a tendon
overused injury
itis-inflammation/irritation
what is tennis elbow?
tendonitis
-lateral epicondylitis
what is golfers elbow?
tendonitis
-medial epicondylitis
what is fascia?
connective tissue
wraps around every organ, muscle, nerve, bone, etc.
allowing movement- glide fluidly over one another
what is myofascial?
myo- muscle
fascia- sheath of encasing fibrous tissue
improve movement pattern
central nervous system
accepts and coordinates info
brain and spinal cord
peripheral nervous system
AUTONOMIC (involuntary)
- sympathetic
(prepares for emergencies)
-parasympathetic
(return body to normal)
SOMATIC (voluntary)
- awareness of environment
(afferent- send into to CNS
efferent- send info skeletal muscles
afferent vs efferent
afferent- send info to CNS
efferent- send info skeletal muscles to complete action
peripheral nervous system- autonomic
involuntary
SYMPATHETIC - prepare for emergencies
PARASYMPATHETIC - return body to normal after stress
*opposing systems
neurons
specialized cells that transmit nerve impulses
what are the three types of neurons?
sensory neurons- detect info from outside world
motor neurons- send signals away from central nervous system, cause a response
interneurons- form interconnections between other neurons in CNS
limb “falling asleep”
- compression on sensory nerves
- cannot send/fire symbols- do not transmit any info, feels numb
-once numbness is gone- sensation returns and experience pins and needles
this is your nerves firing off and paniking
reflexes
automatic, unconscious and rapid response to a particular stimulus
cerebral cortex vs spinal reflex
command located in brain
control located in spinal cord
what do autonomic reflexes do?
regulate body functions
-puplis dilate/constrict
-digestion, blood pressure etc.
reflex arc
what is DOMS
delayed onset muscle soreness
minimized- by proper warm up and cool down
-gradually increase intensity of exercise- do not go too hard after a long time off
-micro tears in muscles
muscle spindles
- maintain muscle tension
-monitor muscle action
-sensitive to changes in muscle length (rather than tension)
Golgi tendon organs
-detect change in muscle tension
-help PROTECT THE MUSCLE FROM EXCESSIVE TENSION
-important of developing strength and power
what are muscle spasms?
- involuntary muscle contraction does not relax
-muscle seizes, elicited by motor neuron hyperexcitability
hyperexcitability
-spontaneous muscular activity resulting from repetitive motor unit action potentials
–defense mechanism
- brain is signaling muscle to protect area in body
what are muscle cramps?
- painful prolonged muscle spasm
what are muscle twitches?
(muscle fasciculations)
-small involuntary muscle contractions
only some muscle fibers contract
-nerve damage may cause this, latic acid buildup, dehydration, caffeine and nicotine
side cramp (side stich)
-cramp spasm in diaphragm
inhale- liver is attached to diaphragm by two ligaments, as you inhale you yank diaphragm
results in sharp pain in ribs by liver
importance of dehydrated
maintain balance of fluids
energize muscles
types of synovial joints
gliding joint
hinge joint
pivot joint
saddle joint
ball-socket joint
RICE
rest
compression
ice
elevate
physio, surgury,
types of synovial joints and examples
ball and
what are synovial joints?
allow for the most movement
articular cartilage- smooth movement
synovial capsule- filled with synovial fluid acts as a lubricant
what are fibrous joints?
joints filled with strong fibrous tissue
allow little to no movement
