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articular system Ch. 5/6 Flashcards

1
Q

how many bones are in the human body?

A

206 bones
300 at birth- several bones fuse together as growth takes place

14% body weight

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2
Q

what are bones composed of?

A
  • living tissue (bone cells, fat cells, blood vessels)
    -non living material (water and minerals)
    -primarily calcium
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3
Q

what happening during osteoporosis?
ways to prevent?

A
  • bones become increasingly more weak/brittle and breakable
    -low bone mass/deterioration, more susceptible to bone fractures
    -degenerative disease

-no cure- prevent by:
-balanced diet
-weight bearing exercise
-avoidance of smoking

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4
Q

what does collagen (protein) help ?

A
  • gives bone flexibility, helps resist pulling forces
    -with age collagen is slowly lost and bone becomes more brittle
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5
Q

what is calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate responsible for?

A

60-70% of bone weight
provides bones with stiffness and resistance

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6
Q

what does the skeletal system provide?

A
  • structural support

(support soft tissue, muscles, internal organs)(brain-protected by skull)

-growth center for cells and pallets made in bones

-reservoir of minerals
(regulate levels of calcium and phosphorus in body)

-movement

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7
Q

what are the five basic type of bones?

A

-long bone (femur/thigh)
-flat bone (roof/skull)
-irregular bone (vertebra)
-sesamoid bone (patella)
-short bone (wrist bone)

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8
Q

what is the long bone made up of?

A

cartilage
-located both ends
-allows for smooth movements within joints

periosteum
-outer connective tissue covers the entire length of bone

,medullary cavity
-inside shaft of bone
-filled with yellow or red bone marrow
red- blood cell formation occurs
yellow-fat cell and connective tissue that has no role in blood cell formation

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9
Q

what is the diaphysis?

A

where the bone is the thickest

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10
Q

what is the compact bone?
what is the cancellous bone?

A

*compact bone- dense part of bone, responsible for structural integrity

*cancellous bone-spongy bone
filled with marrow in cavity like spaces

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11
Q

what is the epiphysis?

A

the end of the bone
-outer surface of it is made up of compact bone and cartilage

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12
Q

epiphyseal plates

A
  • growth plate
    -thin layer of cartilage that lies between the epiphyses and metaphyses
  • where the growth of long bones takes place.
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13
Q

what does the cortex do (long bone)

A

-exterior layer of bone
-dense and smooth, various thickness
-interior core consists of networks of fibers (trabeculae) that mesh with blood vessles and bone marrow

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14
Q

what is trabecuae?

A

-inside long bone
-bony fibers arranged in structure systems running throughout the cancellous tissue
-density varries

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15
Q

human skeleton
what are the two main parts?

A

axial skeleton
-vertebral column (spine), skull, rib cage
appendicular skeleton

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16
Q

axial skeleton

A

80 bones
most of body’s core muscles originate
-core muscles help stabilize and support
-provide proper alignment and posture

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17
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

-moveable limbs and supporting structures

6major regions (pectoral girdle, arms and forearms, hands, pevlis, thighs and legs, feet and ankle)

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18
Q

what is a bone landmark?

A

ridge, bump, groove, depression on the surface of the bone that serves as a guide

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19
Q

what are the three main types of fractures?

A

1.simple
no separation of bone, instead break or crack

2.compound
bone breaks into separate pieces
result of major blow

3.comminuted
both ends of bone shatter into many pieces

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20
Q

what are the symtoms of fractures?

A

sharp pain/tendernes
swelling
discolouration of skin

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21
Q

what are stress fractures?

A

tiny crack in bone, caused by rapid increase in activity

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22
Q

what are shin splints?

A
  • stress fracture
    -occurring on the medial/posterior or lateral/anterior side of the tibia caused by repetitive overuse
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23
Q

what is RED-S syndrome

A

relative energy deficiency in sports
-(female athlete traid)

not enough calories consumed for energy expender

-effects hormonal pathways
-loss of menstrual cycle
-decreased bone density
-effect immunity, protein synthesis, mental energy,
-concentration levels

amenorrhea-loss of period can decrease your estrogen, weaken bones and lead to stress fractures

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24
Q

what are ligaments?

A

thick band of fibrous tissue that help thicken and reineforce the joint capsule

connect BONE TO BONE
PREVENT BONE FROM DISLOCATING

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25
what is the patellas function?
patella bone in front to protect of knee cavity (ligaments) and joint capsule in flexion
26
what are tendons?
attach muscles to bones
27
what is the difference between a dislocation and separation?
dislocation- bone Displaced from its joint -could cause ligament and joint damage separation- damage to ligaments, connecting tissue
28
what joint is most susceptible to injury?
ball and socket joint -most manurable joint
29
what is the difference between a strain and sprain?
strain- occur in muscles and tendons sprain- when ligament is overstretched
30
what is osteoarthritis?
the loss of cartilage at JOINTS itis- irritation of joints
31
why are females more susceptible to joint related injuries?
-more flexible, and more flexible joints and ligaments -ACL rupture 10x more likely in females compared to males -testosterone acts to strengthen the ligaments
32
what is bursitis?
INFLAMATION of FLUID SAC at the friction points between, tendons, ligaments and bones
33
describe joint hypermobility
-born unusually flexible COLLAGEN in ligaments is LOOSER- increasing mobility ex. thumb to wrist bones are shaped differently with SHALLOWER SOCKETS ex. completely out of socket without pain
34
what are the risks of joint hypermobility
-increase risk of sprains and osteoarthritis -increased risk of mental health issues due to LOWER COLLAGEN levels in ligaments affecting proper blood circulation
35
what's the best way to prevent injury to a joint
strengthen muscles around the joint to keep muscle more stable and stronger
36
number of axis of a joint (three types)
uniaxial- moves mainly in one plane (elbow) biaxial-moves in two planes (thumbs and wrists) triaxial or multiaxial- moves in three places (hip and shoulder)
37
main ligaments of the knee joint (4) (names and uses)
*ACL- anterior cruciate ligament -anterior movement, anterior stability PCL- posterior cruciate ligament -posterior movement, posterior stability *MCL- medial collateral ligament - stops medial movement of the tibia, providing medial stability LCL- lateral collateral ligament - helps stop lateral movement, lateral stability
38
what are cartilage joints?
one bone connects by cartilage, allowing slight movement
39
what is the articular system?
joints of the human body and the surrounding tissue (three types of joints ) -fibrous joint -cartilaginous joints -synovial joint
40
what are synovial joints ?
ARTICULAR CARTILAGE - flexible and connective tissue -protects ends of the bone, smooth contact surface BURSAE -small fluid sac JOINT CAPSULE (consist of fibrous capsule, and synovial membrane) -fibrous capsule- keeps synovial fluid from leaking -synovial membrane- allows certain nutrients to pass JOINT CAVITY - filled with synovial fluid- aka. lubricant for joint
41
intrinsic vs extrinsic ligaments
intrinsic - thick bands of connective tissue -help thicken and reinforce the joint capsule extrinsic ligaments -separate from the joint capsule -help reinforce the joint by attaching bones together
42
where does patella tendon attach to?
tibia
43
origin vs inversion
origin- muscle attach to stable/stationary bone (stable ) inversion- point where muscle attach to bone that is moved most
44
what do stabilizers do?
provide support, hold joint in place so desired movement can occur at a another joint ex. running hip and torso are stabilizer quad and hamstring act as agonist/ antagonist
45
how are skeletal muscles named?
-action -location -shape -direction of fibers -number of heads/divisions -point of attachment
46
muscles pull never push
build muscle- contract in direction of muscle fibers are running
47
how are skeletal muscles arranged? ex. leg extention
-opposing pairs AGONIST MUSCLE -primary responsible muscle ANTAGONSIT MUSCLE -muscle that counteracts the agonist ex. leg extention agonist- quad antagonist- ham
48
what does that musculoskeletal system include?
bones, joints, and muscles provide support and stability
49
what are the three types of muscle tissue?
muscle tissue- cells that shorten during contraction smooth muscle- surrounding body's internal organs including blood vessels, hair follicles, urinary, and digestive track - involuntary cardiac muscle- -only found in heart -involuntary skeletal muscle- - type of muscles attached to bones (by tendons/ other tissues) -voluntary striated- alternating light/dark strip
50
What is cartilage (long bone)
- located at both ends - allows for smooth movement with joints
51
What is periosteum (long bone)
- outer connective tissue that covers the entire length of bone
52
What is the medullary cavity? (Lone bone)
inside shaft of bone Filled will yellow and red bone marrow Red- cell formation occurs Yellow- fat cell and connective tissue that has no role in blood cell formation
53
Diaphyis
Where bone is the thickest
54
Tommy John surgery
- stabilizes inner side or the elbow with tissue from somewhere else in the body - drill tunnels in ulna and base or humerus - thread tendon - tendon functions as ligament. Stabilizing joint
55
three types of muscle contraction?
1. ISOTONIC - concentric contraction (shortening) -eccentric contraction (lengthening) 2.ISOMETRIC (static) muscle fibers do not change in length 3. ISOKINETIC -shortening and lengthening (riding a bike)
56
what type of muscle contraction is most important?
eccentric contraction -lengthening -lowering of bicep curl etc.
57
increasing size, build new muscle (exposed to higher workloads than they are used to)
muscular hypertrophy
58
muscles not exposed continuously exposed to resistance- SHRINK
muscular atrophy
59
what makes muscles grow?
adequate levels of testosterone, insulin growth factor, protein -muscles need proper nutrition and rest
60
What is the motor unit
Motor neuron, axon and muscle fibres are referred to as the motor unit
61
Nerve impulses
- nerve transmit impulses in waves - single nervous impulse resulting in contraction - muscle twitch - one nerve can stimulate a number of muscle fibres
62
Fine vs gross motor movement
Fine motor movement - stimulates few muscle fibres (slow twitch generally) Gross motor movement - stimulate a lot of muscle fibres
63
What is the all or none principle
- all fibres with contract at full potential or none will - each motor unit must fire and contract at the same time
64
Explain the sliding filament theory
- muscles convert chemical energy into mechanical energy - calcium is the trigger mechanism - calcium distracts troponin and tropomyosin (removes obstacles) allowing myosin to bind to actin - muscle contacts through overlapping if actin and myosin - causes sarcomere to contact (shorten
65
what are the two types of muscle contraction
Static. No movement is visible when muscle is producing tension Dynamic. Movement occurs
66
Iso contraction
67
what is a bruise called?
-CONTUSION - injured capillary or blood vessel - type of hematoma (collection of blood outside of a blood vessel)
68
what is a bone contusion?
Bone contusion - bones are made of tissue or blood vessel - any injury to this tissue can cause one or more blood vessels to leak blood - take longer to heal (1-2 months)
69
what is a soft tissue contusion?
- few days to heal a muscle or skin tissue injuries
70
why take ice baths
muscle recovery (sooth muscles, reduce inflammation) mental health improve concentration simulate central nervous system develops breathing
71
what is tendonitis?
inflammation of a tendon overused injury itis-inflammation/irritation
72
what is tennis elbow?
tendonitis -lateral epicondylitis
73
what is golfers elbow?
tendonitis -medial epicondylitis
74
what is fascia?
connective tissue wraps around every organ, muscle, nerve, bone, etc. allowing movement- glide fluidly over one another
75
what is myofascial?
myo- muscle fascia- sheath of encasing fibrous tissue improve movement pattern
76
central nervous system
accepts and coordinates info brain and spinal cord
77
peripheral nervous system
AUTONOMIC (involuntary) - sympathetic (prepares for emergencies) -parasympathetic (return body to normal) SOMATIC (voluntary) - awareness of environment (afferent- send into to CNS efferent- send info skeletal muscles
78
afferent vs efferent
afferent- send info to CNS efferent- send info skeletal muscles to complete action
79
peripheral nervous system- autonomic
involuntary SYMPATHETIC - prepare for emergencies PARASYMPATHETIC - return body to normal after stress *opposing systems
80
neurons
specialized cells that transmit nerve impulses
81
what are the three types of neurons?
sensory neurons- detect info from outside world motor neurons- send signals away from central nervous system, cause a response interneurons- form interconnections between other neurons in CNS
82
limb "falling asleep"
- compression on sensory nerves - cannot send/fire symbols- do not transmit any info, feels numb -once numbness is gone- sensation returns and experience pins and needles this is your nerves firing off and paniking
83
reflexes
automatic, unconscious and rapid response to a particular stimulus
84
cerebral cortex vs spinal reflex
command located in brain control located in spinal cord
85
what do autonomic reflexes do?
regulate body functions -puplis dilate/constrict -digestion, blood pressure etc.
86
reflex arc
87
what is DOMS
delayed onset muscle soreness minimized- by proper warm up and cool down -gradually increase intensity of exercise- do not go too hard after a long time off -micro tears in muscles
88
muscle spindles
- maintain muscle tension -monitor muscle action -sensitive to changes in muscle length (rather than tension)
89
Golgi tendon organs
-detect change in muscle tension -help PROTECT THE MUSCLE FROM EXCESSIVE TENSION -important of developing strength and power
90
what are muscle spasms?
- involuntary muscle contraction does not relax -muscle seizes, elicited by motor neuron hyperexcitability hyperexcitability -spontaneous muscular activity resulting from repetitive motor unit action potentials --defense mechanism - brain is signaling muscle to protect area in body
91
what are muscle cramps?
- painful prolonged muscle spasm
92
what are muscle twitches?
(muscle fasciculations) -small involuntary muscle contractions only some muscle fibers contract -nerve damage may cause this, latic acid buildup, dehydration, caffeine and nicotine
93
side cramp (side stich)
-cramp spasm in diaphragm inhale- liver is attached to diaphragm by two ligaments, as you inhale you yank diaphragm results in sharp pain in ribs by liver
94
importance of dehydrated
maintain balance of fluids energize muscles
95
types of synovial joints
gliding joint hinge joint pivot joint saddle joint ball-socket joint
96
RICE
rest compression ice elevate physio, surgury,
97
types of synovial joints and examples
ball and
98
what are synovial joints?
allow for the most movement articular cartilage- smooth movement synovial capsule- filled with synovial fluid acts as a lubricant
99
what are fibrous joints?
joints filled with strong fibrous tissue allow little to no movement

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