UNIT EXAM 2 Flashcards
Lymphocytosis; high protein; low glucose; cryotococcal antigen (+)
A. Bacterial meningitis
C. Fungal meningitis
B. Viral meningitis
D. Tubercular meningitis
C. Fungal meningitis
At what pH can the sediments be best preserved in the urine?
A. Acidic
B. Alkaline
C. Neutral
D. Any pH
A. acidic
Lymphocytosis; high protein; low glucose <45mg/dl; pellicle formation (+)
A. Bacterial meningitis
B. Viral meningitis
C. Fungal meningitis
D. Tubercular meningitis
D. Tubercular meningitis
Which of the following sediment findings is NORMAL
A. Presence of waxy casts
B. Presence of tissue fragments
C. Presence of atypical mononuclears
D. Presence of few dysmorphic eryhtrocytes
C. Presence of a typical mononuclears
What color is NOT associated with a xanthochromic CSF?
A. Red
B. Yellow-green
C. Brown
D. Orange
C. Brown
Sternheimer-Malbin is used in which of the following:
A. Stone analysis
B. Staining of urine sediments
C. Visualization of genitourinary tract
D. Urine protein determination
B. Staining of urine sediments
- Which normal epithelial cell is commonly interfering when doing urine sediment examination?
A. Squamous
B. Transitional
C. Renal tubular
D. Urothelial
A. Squamous
Which of the following is the unique characteristics of Calcium oxalate?
A. Four-sided, flat, yellow or red-brown; lemon-shaped or oval
B. Small, colorless octahedral; rarely dumbbells, ovoid or long forms
C. Yellow-brown spheres with striations and hornlike projections
D. Colorless granules or spheres; form pairs of fours
B. Small, colorless octahedral; rarely dumbbells, ovoid or long forms
What do you call a hyaline cast with a tapering end?
A. Mucus thread
B. Cylindroid
C. Renal fiber
D. Waxy cast
B. Cylindroid
What is tested on the CSF whereby the color of CSF is compared to distilled water using a white background after the sample is centrifuged.
A. Menigitis
B. Xanthochromia
C. Hemorrhage
D. Hyperbilirubinemia
B. Xanthochromia
What disorder is the cause of xanthochromia?
A. Meningeal abscess
B. Subdural hemorrhage
C. Polyneuritis
D. Meningitis
B. Subdural hemorrhage
Which of the following is TRUE about squamous epithelial cells
A. It originated from the distal 1/3 of the urethra
B. It originated from the PCT and DCT
C. It originated from the bleeding of glomerulus
D. It originated from the bladder of transitional carcinoma patients
A. It originated from the distal 1/3 of the urethra
Squamous epithelial cells are
A. 14-60um; oblong to egg shape; granular cytoplasm
B. 40-200um; round to pear-shaped; binucleated
C. large, flat cells with folded margins; abundant cytoplasm
D. 7-9um; cuboidal or polygonal shaped; eccentric nucleus
C. large, flat cells with folded margins; abundant cytoplasm
What is the most important indication for CSF collection?
A. Infectious meningitis
B. Multiple sclerosis
C. Polyneutritis
D. Alzheimer’s disease
A. Infectious meningitis
Glomerular bleeding can be diagnosed by seeing under the microscope RBCs which vary in size, have bizarre shapes or are fragmented that is termed
as___________RBCs
A. Crenated
B. Dysmorphic
C. Anisotropic
D. Dismorphic
B. Dysmorphic
Intact transitional epithelial cells are from
A. the PCT and DCT
B. the bleeding of glomerulus
C. the distal 1/3 of the urethra
D. the renal pelvis to the proximal 2/3 of urethra
D. the renal pelvis to the proximal 2/3 of urethra
Fragmented urothelial cells are
A. from the distal 1/3 of the urethra
B. from the bladder of transitional carcinoma patients
C. from the bleeding of glomerulus
D. from the PCT and DCT
B. from the bladder of transitional carcinoma patients
Which following is the unique characteristic of renal epithelial cells?
A. 14-60um; oblong to egg shape; granular cytoplasm
B. 40-200um; round to pear-shaped; binucleated
C. large, flat cells with folded margins; abundant cytoplasm
D. 7-9um; cuboidal or polygonal shaped; eccentric nucleus
A. 14-60um; oblong to egg shape; granular cytoplasm
Because formed elements tend to settle in urine, one should do which of the following before starting routine urinalysis?
A. shake vigorously the urine sample
B. centrifuge the urine sample
C. mix thoroughly the urine specimen
D. proceed with macroscopic exam immediately
C. mix thoroughly the urine specimen
What renal disorder is characterized by detection of fat droplets, oval fat bodies and fatty acids?
A. Pyelonephritis
B. Glomerulonephritis
C. Nephrotic syndrome
D. Acute tubular necrosis
C. Nephrotic syndrome
Dysmorphic RBCs are from
A. the bleeding of glomerulus
B. the distal 1/3 of the urethra
C. the PCT and DCT
D. the renal pelvis to the proximal 2/3 of urethra
A. the bleeding of glomerulus
Which method of examining sediments in urine is best in identifying mucus, hyaline casts and platelets?
A. Brightfield microscopy
B. Darkfield microscopy
C. Phase-contrast microscopy
D. Polarizing microscopy
C. Phase-contrast microscopy
Which test is the most important in diagnosing multiple sclerosis?
A. Protein test
B. Bacterial culture
C. Immunoassay
D. Cell count
A. Protein test
What CNS disease is associated with F2-isoprostanes?
A. Multiple sclerosis
B. Alzheimer’s disease
C. Behcet’s syndrome
D. Creutzfeldt-Jakob
B. Alzheimer’s disease
What might cause the urine to be smoky in appearance?
A. PMN
B. Erythrocytes
C. Bacteriuria
D. Cylindruria
B. Erythrocytes
Which specific protein is the most abundant in normal CSF?
A. Albumin
B. Prealbumin
C. Transferrin
D. Immunoglobulin G
A. Albumin
7-9um; distorted cells of varied shapes; not nucleated
A. Squamous epithelial cells
B. Transitional epithelial cell
C. Renal epithelial cells
D. Dysmorphic RBCs
D. Dysmorphic RBCs
Neutrophilia, markedly high protein; glucose <40mg/dl; high opening pressure
A. Bacterial meningitis
B. Viral meningitis
C. Fungal meningitis
D. Tubercular meningitis
A. Bacterial meningitis
What is the constant finding when urinary stones are present in the genitourinary tract?
A. Hemoglobinuria
B. Hemosiderinuria
C. Hematuria
D. Proteinuria
A. Hemoglobinuria
In urine sediment examination, which elements are reported per high power field?
A. RBCs
B. WBCs
C. Casts
D. Both A and B
D. Both A and B
Which of the following is NOT detected using the dipstick?
A. Blood
B. Crystals
C. Leukocytes
D. Bacteria
B. Crystals
Which of the following is always present and reliable indicators of renal disease?
A. Hematuria and Pyuria
B. Oil droplets and Moderate Bacteria
C. Proteinuria and Cylindruria
D. Plenty epithelial cells and Cloudy character
C. Proteinuria and Cylindruria
The procedure of wet urinalysis starts with the
A. urine collection and transport C.
B. sample identification
C. sediment assessment
D.chemical testing
B. sample identification
Clot formation will interfere with which of the following tests?
A. Differential count
B. Protein test
C.Glucose test
D.Culture
A. Differential count
Which crystal description is found in normal alkaline urine?
A. envelope crystal
B. coffin lid crystal
C. whetstone crystal
D. wheat sheaves
B. coffin lid crystal
The urine volume needed in sediment examination is at least 10-15 ml. The most common reason why it CANNOT be satisfied is when the patient
A. is a pediatric patient
B. has a polyuria due to diabetes
C. has glomerulonephritis
D. is having anuria
D. is having anuria
Which CNS disorder is NOT characterized by eosinophilia?
A. Bacterial meningitis
B. Fungal meningitis
C. Parasitic infection
D. Acute polyneuritis
A. Bacterial meningitis
What is the most reliable method for differential cell counts in CSF?
A. Filtration
B. Direct smear
C. Cytocentrifuge
D. Flow cytometer
C. Cytocentrifuge
Four-sided, flat, yellow or red-brown; lemon-shaped or oval is the unique characteristic of? *
A. Uric Acid crystal
B. Calcium carbonate
C. Calcium oxalate
D. Ammonium biurate
A. Uric Acid crystal
Which aminoaciduria causes a caramelized odor in urine?
A. PKU
B. Tyrosinuria
C. MSUD
D. Alkaptonuria
C. MSUD
What is the usual time and relative centrifugal force for centrifugation of urine specimens?
A. 5 minutes at 450g
B. 15 minutes at 450g
C. 10 minutes at 540g
D. 5 minutes at 550g
A. 5 minutes at 450g
Which is TRUE regarding transitional epithelial cells (intact)
A. 14-60um; oblong to egg shape; granular cytoplasm
B. 40-200um; round to pear-shaped; binucleated
C. large, flat cells with folded margins; abundant cytoplasm
D. 7-9um; cuboidal or polygonal shaped; eccentric nucleus
D. 7-9um; cuboidal or polygonal shaped; eccentric nucleus
What substance in CSF is measured using turbidimetric method with trichloroacetic acid or SSA?
A. Glucose
B. Lactate
C. Total protein
D. Chloride
C. Total protein
What WBC is the most abundant in a normal CSF in adult?
A. Neutrophils
B. Lymphocyte
C. Monocyte
D. Plasma cell
B. Lymphocyte
Which of the following is NOT characterized by decreased CSF pressure?
A. Obesity
B. Dehydration
C. Circulatory collapse
D. CSF leakage
A. Obesity
When sediment structures have similar refractive index with the urine, they are best seen
A. using subdued illumination
B. using very bright illumination
C. using bright illumination
D. any of the aforementioned
A. using subdued illumination
All cylindrical structures called casts have characteristic
A. Hyaline form & inclusions
B. Regular shape & pointed ends
C. Parallel sides & rounded ends
D. Low refractive index & blunt ends
C.Parallel sides & rounded ends
Which of the following cells originated from PCT and DCT?
A. Squamous epithelial cells
B. Transitional epithelial cells
C. Renal epithelial cells
D. Dysmosrphic RBCs
C. Renal epithelial cells
Which of the following will NOT cause turbidity in CSF?
A. High glucose
B. High protein
C. Presence of fat
D. High cell counts
A. High glucose
Which of the following is the unique characteristics of Calcium carbonate?
A. Four-sided, flat, yellow or red-brown; lemon-shaped or oval
B. Small, colorless octahedral; rarely dumbbells, ovoid or long forms
C. Yellow-brown spheres with striations and hornlike projections
D. Colorless granules or spheres; form pairs of fours
D. Colorless granules or spheres; form pairs of fours
Associated with HIV infect; spirochetal meningitis
A. Bacterial meningitis
B. Fungal meningitis
C. Tubercular meningitis
D. Syphilitic meningitis
D. Syphilitic meningitis
What is the presence of casts in urine called?
A. Casturia
B. Cylinduria
C. Proteinuria
D. Cylindruria
D. Cylindruria
Which substance CANNOT diffuse freely via blood-brain barrier
A. Protein
B. Glucose
C. Urea
D. Creatinine
A. Protein
Lymphocytosis; normal opening pressure, glucose and lactate; (+) RT-PCR testing is the characteristic of?
A. Bacterial meningitis
B. Viral meningitis
C. Fungal meningitis
D. Tubercular meningitis
B. Viral meningitis
The microscopic evaluation of this sediment structure in urine requires 10 low power fields
A. Hyaline casts
B. WBCs
C. RBCs
D. Squamous epithelial cells
A. Hyaline casts
Why should a CSF cell count be performed not after 30 minutes to 1 hour after collection?
A. the cells will aggregate
B. the cells will change form
C. the cell will lyse
D. contaminants will appear
C. the cell will lyse
Gram stain is beneficial in establishing which CNS disorder?
A. Viral meningitis
B. Fungal meningitis
C. Bacterial meningitis
D. Tubercular meningitis
C. Bacterial meningitis
Which variable is NOT related or important to urine sediment examination?
A. Urine volume that is centrifuged
B. Amount of sediment examined
C. Time and speed of centrifugation
D. Urine specific gravity and osmolality
D. Urine specific gravity and osmolality
Urine sediments are also interchangeably termed
A. Total solids
B. Formed elements
C. Renal deposits
D. Urine structures
B. Formed elements
Which CSF substance is 60% of the same substance in plasma?
A. Total protein
B. Lactate
C. Glucose
D. Albumin
C. Glucose
Which of the following urine sediment examination findings is NOT normal?
A. 0-5 WBCs/hpf
B. 0-2 RBCs/hpf
C. 0-2 hyaline casts/lpf
D. 0-2 renal cells/hpf
D. 0-2 renal cells/hpf
Which of the following is the unique characteristics of Ammonium biurate?
A. Four-sided, flat, yellow or red-brown; lemon-shaped or oval
B. Small, colorless octahedral; rarely dumbbells, ovoid or long forms
C. Yellow-brown spheres with striations and hornlike projections
D. Colorless granules or spheres; form pairs of fours
C. Yellow-brown spheres with striations and hornlike projections
Cells from the collecting ducts are
A. 7-9um; cuboidal or polygonal shaped; eccentric nucleus
B. 14-60um; oblong to egg shape; granular cytoplasm
C. 12-20um; cuboidal or polygonal shaped; eccentric nucleus
D. 40-200um; round to pear-shaped; binucleated
C. 12-20um; cuboidal or polygonal shaped; eccentric nucleus
What is the principal WBC that is found in pyuria?
A. Neutrophils
B. Eosinophils
C. Plasma cells
D. Mononuclears
A. Neutrophils
What is the reference range for CSF total protein?
A. 15-45 g/dl
B. 20-40 g/dl
C. 15-45 mg/dl
D. 15-45 mg/L
C. 15-45 mg/dl
