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Biology 20 > Unit D: Human Systems > Flashcards

Unit D: Human Systems Flashcards

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1
Q

Carbohydrate

A

a molecule composed of sugar subunits that contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio

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2
Q

Polymer

A

a molecule composed of three or more subunits

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3
Q

Monosaccharide

A

a single sugar unit

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4
Q

Disaccharide

A

a sugar formed by the joining of two monosaccharide subunits

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5
Q

Dehydration Synthesis

A

the process by which larger molecules are formed by the removal of water from two smaller molecules

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6
Q

Hydrolysis

A

the process by which larger molecules are split into smaller molecules by the addition of water

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7
Q

Polysaccharide

A

a carbohydrate composed of many single sugar subunits

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8
Q

Starch

A

a plant carbohydrate used to store energy

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9
Q

Glycogen

A

the form of carbohydrate storage in animals

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10
Q

Cellulose

A

a plant polysaccharide that makes up plant cell walls

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11
Q

Triglyceride

A

a lipid composed of glycerol and three fatty acids

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12
Q

Protein

A

a chain of amino acids that form the structural parts of the cells or act as antibodies or enzymes

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13
Q

Amino Acid

A

a chemical that contains nitrogen; can be linked together to form proteins

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14
Q

Peptide Bond

A

the bond that joins amino acids

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15
Q

Polypeptide

A

a chain of three or more amino acids

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16
Q

Denaturation

A

the process that occurs when the bonds of a protein molecule are disrupted, causing a temporary change in shape

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17
Q

Coagulation

A

that process that occurs when the bonds of a protein molecule are disrupted, causing a permanent change in shape

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18
Q

Catalyst

A

a chemical that increases the rate of chemical reactions without altering the products or being altered itself

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19
Q

Enzyme

A

a protein catalyst that permits chemical reactions to proceed at low temperatures

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20
Q

Substrate

A

a molecule in which an enzyme works

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21
Q

Active Site

A

the area of an enzyme that combines with the substrate

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22
Q

Cofactor

A

an inorganic ion that helps an enzyme combine with a substrate molecule

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23
Q

Coenzyme

A

an organic molecule synthesized from a vitamin that helps an enzyme to combine with a substrate molecule

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24
Q

Competitive Inhibitor

A

a molecule with a shape complementary to a specific enzyme that competes with the substrate for access to the active site of the enzyme and blocks chemical reactions

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25
Q

Precursor Activity

A

the activation of the last enzyme in a metabolic pathway by the initial substrate

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26
Q

Allosteric Activity

A

a change in an enzyme caused by the binding of a molecule

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27
Q

Amylase

A

an enzyme that breaks down complex carbohydrates

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28
Q

Peristalsis

A

rhythmic, wavelike contractions of muscle that move food along the gastrointestinal tract

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29
Q

Sphincter

A

a constrictor muscle that regulates the opening and closing of a tube-like structure

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30
Q

Mucus

A

a protective lubricating substance composed mostly of protein

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31
Q

Pepsin

A

a protein-digesting enzyme produced in the stomach

32
Q

Ulcer

A

a lesion on the surface of an organ

33
Q

Duodenum

A

the first segment of the small intestine

34
Q

Villi

A

small, finger-like projections that extend into the small intestine to increase surface area for absorption

35
Q

Microvilli

A

microscopic, finger-like projections of the cell membrane

36
Q

Capillary

A

a blood vessel that connects arteries and veins; the site of fluid and gas exchange

37
Q

Lacteal

A

a small vessel that transports the products of fat digestion to the circulatory system

38
Q

Secretin

A

a hormone released from the duodenum that stimulates pancreatic and bile secretions

39
Q

Enterokinase

A

an enzyme of the small intestine that converts trypsinogen to trypsin

40
Q

Trypsin

A

a protein-digesting enzyme

41
Q

Lipase

A

a lipid-digesting enzyme

42
Q

Bile Salt

A

a component of bile that breaks down large fat globules

43
Q

Detoxify

A

to remove the effects of a poison

44
Q

Gallstone

A

crystals of bile salts that form in the gallbladder

45
Q

Jaundice

A

the yellowish discoloration of the skin and other tissues brought about by the collection of bile pigments in the blood

46
Q

Cirrhosis

A

chronic inflammation of the liver tissue characterized by growth of non-functioning fibrous tissue

47
Q

Colon

A

the largest segment of the large intestine, where water reabsorption occurs

48
Q

Cilia

A

tiny hair-like structures found on some cells that sweep away foreign debris

49
Q

Pleural Membrane

A

a thin membrane that surrounds the outer surface of the lungs and lines the inner wall of the chest cavity

50
Q

Hemoglobin

A

the oxygen-carrying molecule in red blood cells

51
Q

Oxyhemoglobin

A

hemoglobin that is bond to oxygen

52
Q

Carbonic Anhydrase

A

an enzyme found in red blood cells that speeds the conversion of carbon dioxide and water to carbonic acid

53
Q

Buffer

A

a substance capable of neutralizing acids and bases, thus maintaining the original pH of the solution

54
Q

Chemoreceptor

A

a specialized nerve receptor that is sensitive to specific chemicals

55
Q

Flexor

A

the muscle that must contract to bend a joint

56
Q

Extensor

A

the muscle that must contract to straighten a joint

57
Q

Tendon

A

a band of connective tissue that joins muscle to bone

58
Q

Pulse

A

change in the diameter of the arteries following heart contractions

59
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

the narrowing of blood vessels, allowing less blood to the tissues

60
Q

Vasodilation

A

the widening of blood vessels, allowing more blood to the tissues

61
Q

Aneurysm

A

a bulge in the weakened wall of a blood vessel, usually an artery

62
Q

Pulmonary Circulatory System

A

the system of blood vessels that carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs and oxygenated blood back to the heart

63
Q

Systemic Circulatory System

A

the system of blood vessels that carries oxygenated blood to the tissues of the body and deoxygenated blood back to the heart

64
Q

Diastole

A

relaxation (dilation) of the heart, during which the atria fill with blood

65
Q

Systole

A

contraction of the heart, during which blood is pushed out of the heart

66
Q

Leukocyte

A

a white blood cell

67
Q

Erythrocyte

A

a red blood cell that contains hemoglobin and carries oxygen

68
Q

Platelet

A

a component of blood responsible for initiating blood clotting

69
Q

Antigen

A

a substance, usually a protein, that stimulates the formation of an antibody

70
Q

Antibody

A

a protein formed within the blood that reacts with an antigen

71
Q

T Cell

A

a lymphocyte that identifies and attacks foreign substances

72
Q

B Cell

A

a lymphocyte that produces antibodies

73
Q

Helper T Cell

A

a T cell with receptors that bind to fragments of antigens

74
Q

Killer T Cell

A

a T cell that destroys microbes, body cells infected with viruses, and mutated cells by puncturing cell membranes

75
Q

Suppressor T Cell

A

a T cell that turns off the immune system

76
Q

Memory B Cell

A

a B cell that retains information about the shape of an antigen

77
Q

Nephron

A

a functional unit of the kidney

Biology 20 (5 decks)

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