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Biology 20 > Unit B: Ecosystems and Population Change > Flashcards

Unit B: Ecosystems and Population Change Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Ecology

A

the study of interactions between organisms and their living and non-living environment

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2
Q

Abiotic Factor

A

a non-living factor that influences an organism

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3
Q

Biotic Factor

A

a living factor that influences an organism

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4
Q

Ecotone

A

a transition area between ecosystems

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5
Q

Artificial Ecosystem

A

an ecosystem that is planned or maintained by humans

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6
Q

Natural Ecosystem

A

an ecosystem in which the interactions are not changed purposely by human actions

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7
Q

Ecological Niche

A

an organisms role in an ecosystem, consisting of its place in the food web, its habitat, its breeding area, and the time of day at which it is most active

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8
Q

Biome

A

a large geographical region with a specific range of temperatures and precipitation, and the organisms that are adapted to those conditions of temperature and precipitation

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9
Q

Permafrost

A

permanently frozen soil

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10
Q

Muskeg

A

soil above the permafrost that is swampy or boggy in the summer

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11
Q

Littoral Zone

A

the area from the shore of a lake or pond to the point where no more plants grow in the bottom of the lake

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12
Q

Limnetic Zone

A

the area of a lake or pond in which there is open water and sufficient light for photosynthesis to occur

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13
Q

Profundal Zone

A

the region of a lake or pond beneath the limnetic zone, in which that is insufficient light for photosynthesis to occur

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14
Q

Biotic Potential

A

the maximum number of offspring that a species could produce with unlimited resources

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15
Q

Carrying Capacity

A

the maximum number of individuals of a species that can be supported by an ecosystem

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16
Q

Oligotrophic

A

having low nutrient levels

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17
Q

Eutrophic

A

having high nutrient levels

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18
Q

Watershed

A

the land that drains toward a lake or other body of water

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19
Q

Taxonomy

A

the science of classification according to the inferred (presumed) relationships among organisms

20
Q

Genus

A

the first part of a binomial name; a genus includes several species

21
Q

Species

A

a group of organisms that look alike and can interbreed under natural conditions to produce fertile offspring

22
Q

Taxa

A

categories used to classify organisms

23
Q

Biogeography

A

the study of the geographic distribution of life on Earth

24
Q

Endemic

A

a term used to describe a species that is only found in one location

25
Q

Homologous Features

A

features with similar structures but different functions

26
Q

Analogous

A

features that are similar in appearance and function, but do not appear to have the same evolutionary origin

27
Q

Vestigial Features

A

rudimentary structures with no useful function

28
Q

DNA

A

the molecule that makes up genetic material

29
Q

Gene

A

a segment of DNA that performs a specific function

30
Q

Artificial Selection

A

the process of humans selecting and breeding individuals with the desired traits

31
Q

Spontaneous Generation

A

the belief that living things arose from non-living matter

32
Q

Natural Selection

A

the result of differential reproductive success of individuals caused by variations in their inherited traits

33
Q

Mutation

A

a change in the DNA sequence in a chromosome

34
Q

Neutral Mutation

A

a mutation that has no effect on the organism

35
Q

Harmful Mutation

A

a mutation that reduces an organisms fitness

36
Q

Fitness

A

an organisms reproductive success

37
Q

Beneficial Mutation

A

a mutation that enhances an organism’s fitness

38
Q

Asexual Reproduction

A

the production of an offspring from a single parent; offspring inherit the genes of that parent only

39
Q

Sexual Reproduction

A

the production of offspring by the union of sex cells from two different parents; the offspring inherit a combination of genes from both parents

40
Q

Speciation

A

the formation of a new species

41
Q

Allopatric Speciation

A

the formation of a new species (speciation) by reproductive isolation

42
Q

Gradualism (theory)

A

the idea that the formation of a new species (speciation) takes place slowly

43
Q

Punctuated Equilibrium (theory)

A

the idea that species evolve rapidly, followed by a period of little or no change

44
Q

Divergent Evolution

A

evolution into many different species

45
Q

Population

A

a group of organisms of the same species that live in the same habitat or ecosystem at the same time

46
Q

Community

A

all the organisms of various species that share a habitat or ecosystem

47
Q

Ecosystem

A

a community and its physical and chemical environment

Biology 20 (5 decks)

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