Unit C: Cycling of Matter In Living Systems | Outcome 1 | L 1 - L2

Question 1

What are the 5 Basic Principles of Being Alive?

Answer 1

All living things must be able to:
1. Grow
2. Reproduce
3. Respond to stimuli
4. Use and require energy
5. Produce wastes

Question 2

What is spontaneous generation also known as?

Answer 2

Abiogenesis

Question 3

What are the three principles of Cell Theory?

Answer 3

1. All living things are made up of one or more cells
2. Cells are the smallest functional unit of life
3. All cells are produced from preexisting cells through the process of cell division

Question 4

How did Zacharias Janssen (and Hans Jassen) contribute to cell theory

Answer 4

Invented the first compound microscope (1590)

Question 5

How did Robert Hooke contribute to Cell Theory

Answer 5

Observed compartments in cork (plant cells) and first named them cells. Led to the understand of cells as the smallest unit and of life

Question 6

How did Antoine van Leeuwenhoek contribute to Cell Theory?

Answer 6

Using a better, single lens in a microscope that was made from higher quality glass, he was first to observe and describe single-celled organisms (he called them animalcules) among other cells.

Question 7

How did Matthias Schleiden and Theodore Schwann contribute to Cell Theory?

Answer 7

Matthias Schleiden: Concluded all plants are composed of cells

Theodore Schwann: Concluded all animals are composed of cells

Question 8

How did Rudolf Virchow contribute to Cell Theory?

Answer 8

• Observed cells dividing under a microscope
• Concluded that all cells divide to produce more cells

Question 9

What two types of Electron Microscopes are there?

Answer 9

• Transmission Electron Microscope
• Scanning Electron Microscope

Question 10

What is a Transmission Electromagnetic Microscope used for and how does it work?

Answer 10

• To study the internal structure of cells
• Electron beam passes through a thin section of tissue covered in plastic and strikes a fluorescent screen to produce a 2D image

Question 11

What are Scanning Electron Microscopes Used For and how does it work?

Answer 11

• Used to view external shapes (3D image)
• Specimen is coated with a material that will reflect electrons and make them hit a sensor

Question 12

Describe the function of:

Eye piece (Ocular lens)

Answer 12

Observe the specimen by looking through

Question 13

Describe the function of:

Body tube

Answer 13

Supports the ocular lens

Question 14

Describe the function of:

Arm

Answer 14

• Supports the revolving nosepiece & body tube.
• Used to carry the microscope.

Question 15

Describe the function of:

Revolving nosepiece

Answer 15

Holds (supports) the objective lenses.

Question 16

Describe the function of:

Objective lenses

Answer 16

Different levels of magnification power

(Low, medium, high, etc)

Question 17

Describe the function of:

Stage

Answer 17

Is where the slide is placed for support and viewing

Question 18

Describe the function of:

Stage clips

Answer 18

Holds the slide in place

Question 19

Describe the function of:

Diaphragm

Answer 19

Regulates the amount of light passing through the stage opening.

Question 20

Describe the function of:

Coarse adjustment knob

Answer 20

• Moves the stage up and down.
• Use only with low power.

Question 21

Describe the function of:

Fine adjustment knob

Answer 21

• Makes the image sharper and clearer.
• Use with medium and low power

Question 22

Describe the function of:

Light source

Answer 22

Supplies the light for viewing the specimen on the slide

Question 23

Describe the function of:

Base

Answer 23

Supports the entire microscope and is also used when carrying the microscope.

Question 24

What is the formula for calculating total magnification?

Answer 24

Total magnification = ocular lens x objective lens

Question 25

What is FOV?

Regarding microscopes

Answer 25

The diameter of the “circle”
you can see through the
microscope

Increase magnification = FOV becomes smaller

Question 26

How do you convert:

mm (milimeters) to μm (micrometers)

Answer 26

1 mm = 1000 μm

Multiply by 1000

Question 27

How do you convert:

μm (micrometers) to mm (milimeters)

Answer 27

1000 μm = 1mm

Divide by 1000 (Multiply by 1mm/1000μm)

Question 28

Describe the formula to calculate:

FOV on high or medium power

After measuring FOV on low power

Answer 28

M_{1D1 = M2D2}

M_{1 = magnification on first (given) lens
D1 = Diameter of FOV under first (given) lens
M2 = magnification on second (asked for) lens
D2 = Diameter of FOV under second (asked for) lens}

Question 29

What are the rules for making a:

Biological Diagram

Answer 29

• Use plain, white paper
• Use PENCIL only
• Use half a page for each diagram
• Draw a cluster of a few cells (not all of them)
• Draw only what you see (eg. The cells are not all
  perfect rectangles; there should not be any broken
  lines)
• Draw the outline of the structure only. NO SHADING
  OR COLORING
• Draw labels with a ruler, horizontal line and all labels
  should line up on the right side of the diagram
• At the bottom of the diagram: Figure 1: Description of
  the drawing
• Include the type of preparation (wet mount, dry
  mount, prepared slide), name of specimen, type of
  stain used or unstained, magnification