Unit C Flashcards
What is Biological Maturation? (3 points)
a process by whuc we end wit the status of full maturity
maturation is a pricess
maturity is a state
What are the 5 measures of maturity? When are they most relevant?
skeletal: relevant during the whole growth period
sexual: relevant during adolescence
somatic: relevant during adolescence
dental: relevant during infancy and childhood mainly
neuromuscular: relevant during infancy and childhood
What is Skeletal Maturity? (2 points)
bone age
when the prenatal cartilage skeleton forms a fully developed skeleton
How do you measure skeletal maturity? (4 points)
compare hand radiograph to standardized radiograph (left hand x-ray)
early childhood: ossification onset
mid-childhood: bone shape, joint formation
near end of growth: epiphyseal fusion of bones
What are the 3 methods of assessment of skeletal maturity?
GP: most common, compare x-ray to records (large margin of error)
TW: rates each bone on a scale and comes up with a total to represent skeletal age (more accurate)
Fels: more statistically based than TW
What is sexual maturity? (3 points)
ability to reproduce
begins with sexual differentiation in the embryo
continues through puberty - age of relevance
Sexual Maturity assessments in boys (2 points) and in girls (3 points)
boys: pubic hair penis and testes girls: pubic hair breast development menarche
Causes of menstrual dysfunction among athletes (5 points)
genetics pre-selection environmental factors energy balance (exercise and nutrition) psychological factors
What is somatic maturity? (4 points)
age at PHV
PHV tempo
age at onset of height change
the closer one is to their predicted adult height, the more mature
Somatic maturity and physical ability (4 points)
late maturers caught up and even exceeded early maturers at age 30
strength
explosive strength
other motor performance measures
What is dental maturity (2 points)
age of eruption of baby teeth and permanent teeth
calcification of permanent teeth
How does muscle mass change with age? (1 point)
What is the difference between boys and girls? (1 point)
increase in muscle mass with age
boys > girls, especially after puberty
Boys that were early maturers were ________ throughout ______________
boys that were early maturers were stronger throughout the whole growth period
Girls that were early maturers were _________________, the late maturers _________
Girls that were early maturers were stronger before puberty but not after puberty, the late maturers catch up
Boys: when strength is corrected for body size……
effect of maturity is reduced
Girls: when strength is corrected for body size…..
early < average/late maturers
peak rate of increase in _______ occurs _____ the peak rate of increase in ______
peak rate of increase in muscle strength occurs after the peak rate of increase in height
How does resistance training affect strength? (3 points)
as children grow, strength will increase
additional strength increases in those who train
absolute increase in strength
what are 2 types of strength inprovements?
morphological adaptaions: hypertrophy of muscle
neurological adaptations: where all of children’s strength comes from, resistance training will improve explosive strength through neurological adapatations
Effects of Resistance Training (5 points)
increase in muscle strength increase in performance improved body composition decrease in sports injuries increase in rehabilitation
Injuries as a result of Resistance training (2 points)
common injury: lower back
major injury: epiphyseal plate
Fetal Circulation: when do certain things happen? (2 points)
3 weeks: beats
6 weeks: definitive form of the heart
What is the placenta? (2 points)
functions as the interaction between the mother’s and fetus’s circulation
gives oxygen and nutrients to the fetus
What is the unmbillical cord? (1 point)
2 parts
connects placenta to the fetus, has blood vessels that are opposite to those in an adult
- umbilical vein: carry oxygenated blood from the mother to fetus
- unbilical artery: cary deoxygenated blood from teh fetus to the mother
What are right to left shunts? (4 points)
more physiologically significant, bypasses right side of the circulation/ heart (pulmonary circulation)
- foramen ovale: opening between RA and LA (new route is RA, LA, systemic circulation, in adults it is RA, RV, pulmonary circulation)
- ductus arteriosus: temporary blood vessel which connects pulmonary arteries to the aorta (in adult pulmonary arteries go to the lungs)
- ductus venous: connects vena cava to umbilical arteries (bypasses the heart all together)
What are left to right shunts? (2 points)
less significant
bypasses left side of the circulation/heart (systemic circulation)
Adjustments to fetal circulation at birth (5 points)
lungs: inflate, blood flow increases umbilical cord: constricts foramen ovale: closes within 2 weeks, much higher pressure on the left side ductus arteriosus: close within 2 weeks ductus venous: close within 2 weeks
Changes in cardiovascular function with age: Heart Rate (4 points)
about 60-80bpm
decreases as we get older
higher in children
at birth: child HR at 140bpm
Changes in cardiovascular function with age: blood pressure (6 points)
120/80
increases with growth
resting BP does increase with age and growth
only systolic pressure should increase, not diastolic
systolic: contraction
diastolic: vascular resistance
Changes in blood features with age (4 points)
blood volume: proportional to body mass (x10)
hematocrit: increase in plasma causes an increase in cell number which causes an increase in hematocrit
RBC: increase in cell number, decrease in bone marrow
hemoglobin: increases
Changes in lungs and respiration with age (5 points)
mass: increase by x20
volume: proportional to increase in height
development is postnatally because there is low need for the lunch prenatally
breathing rate decreases
we become more efficient breathers
Indicators of aerobic ability (6 points)
VO2 max endurance performance time to exhaustion lactate threshold mechanical efficiency running economy
Factors affecting VO2 max (6 points)
genetics
fitness
sex (men usually have higher VO2 max because they have more hemoglobin)
maturity
body size (the muscles use the oxygen, active muscle size)
ergometer
What is VO2 max? (1 point)
How do you calculate it? (1 point)
the amount of oxygen the body uses, oxygen uptake
VO2 = HR x SV (artery oxygen content - vein oxygen content)
Heart rate response to exercise (3 points)
obesity: children < adults
maximal HR: children > adults
submaximal heart rate: children > adults
Oxygen cost of locomotion (3 points)
increases with exercise intensity
decreases with growth a 5 year old needs to intake more oxygen than a 16 year old
What is Thermoregulation? (1 point)
the ability of an organism to keep its body temperature within certain boundaries, even when temperature surrounding it is very different
What factors affect thermoregulation? (4 points)
What causes heat stress and heat strain?
environmental conditions (temperature, humidity, wind, sun)
metabolism
sweating rate
circulation
heat stress: environmental conditions
heat strain: metabolism, sweating rate, circulation
What is heat balance? (2 points)
heat dissipation: through conduction, convection, radiation, and evaporation, related to body surface area
heat production: through metabolism, related to body mass
Physiological means to dissipate body heat (2 points)
increased blood flow
sweating
Sweating patterns (2 points)
children sweating rate is lower than adults (children have a lower sweat output per gland)
generally speaking, males sweat more than girls
Skin blood flow factors (3 points)
as time progresses, you are under more heat strain and blood flow to the skin is increased
increases with heat strain
decreases with maturity/age
Effectiveness of thermoregulation (2 points)
rate of cooling decreases with age
body cooling is amplified in water
Rehydration recommendations (3 points)
adults: 5-11 mL/kg/hour
children: 5-11 mL/kg/hour
children sweat less meaning they will loose less water so they are more susceptible to heat injury
