Unit B Flashcards
What are the 3 Prenatal Stages?
How long is each stage?
What happens in each stage?
Prenatal stage is 40 weeks 1. Egg first two weeks cell division and differentiation a lot of hyperplasia 2. Embryo weeks 2-8 increase in cell number and cell differentiation almost all organs are formed 3. Fetus weeks 9-40 increase in cell size and mass functional development
Fetal Growth (2 points)
fetus increases in length at constant weight
weight gain happens near the end of the pregnancy
Fetal Development (3 points)
heart tissue: 4 weeks
trunk, arms, and legs: 6-9 weeks
reflexes: 36 weeks
Factors Affecting Prenatal Growth and Development (5 things)
nutrition alcohol: affects growth and CNS (irreversible) smoking: affects growth and brain caffeine recreational drugs
What are the 3 types of bone cells and what do they do?
osteoblasts: bone formation
osteoclasts: bone resorption
osteocytes: regulation of flow of minerals and nutrients
Bone Growth and Remodelling
Infancy vs Adulthood
infancy: 50% annually
adulthood: 5% annually
Formation vs Resorption Rates Throughout the Life (3 points)
youth: formation > resorption
adult: format = resorption
old: formation < resorption
- leads to osteoporosis
How can you Prevent Osteoperosis? ( 3 points)
exercise to increase peak bone mass
nutrition
pharmaceuticals
What are the 3 Types of Bone Growth?
growth: longer, wider
modeling: change in shape
remodelling: change in shape again
What effects Growth? (7 points)
Positive or Negative Growth?
thyroid hormone (positive) GH (positive) IGF-1 (positive) estrogen (positive) androgens (positive) cytokines (negative) corticosteroids (negative)
Bone Mass Throughout the Life ( 3 points)
Birth: 3% of body mass
adult male: 6-7% body mass
adult female: 6-7% body mass
Calcium Content in Bone Throughout Life (3 points)
Birth: 25g
Adulthood: 1000g
Old age: 600G
What are the 3 Types of Muscle Tissue?
Skeletal
Smooth
Cardiac
What is Myogenesis? (1 point)
increase in the number of fibres
What does Myostatin do? (1 point)
Slows down muscle growth
What are the 3 types of Connective Tissue? Where are they?
Why is Connective Tissue Important? (1 point)
What Happens to the Tendon with Growth? (2 points)
endomyosin is around the fibre perimysium is around a bundle of fibres epimysium is around the whole muscle important in transmitting force to bone increased tendon stiffness with growth decreased tendon compliance with growth
What Happens to Muscle Fibre Size with Growth and Aging? (2 points)
increase in diameter with growth (until middle age)
decrease in diameter with aging (after middle age)
What Happens to Muscle Mass with Age? What causes this?
increase muscle mass
due to hypertrophy of muscle which is caused by increase in fibre size and increase in number of nuclei per fibre
(number of fibres doesn’t really change)
What are Adipocytes? (1 point)
the cells that make up fat tissue
What are the functions of fat tissue? (4 points)
energy storage
insulation
mechanical protection
regulation of biological function
What does Leptin regulate? (7 points)
energy balance appetite, food intake glucose and lipid metabolism puberty reproductive function angiogenesis bone formation
What molecules are secreted by adipocytes? (4 points)
leptin
IGF-1
estrogen
angiotensin
How do adipocytes regulate biological functions? (6 points)
energy balance glucose and insulin metabolism lipid metabolism immunity reproduction, puberty blood pressure
What is Adipogenesis? (1 point)
What is the process? (4 points)
adipogenesis is fat formation
adipoblasts
pre-adipocytes
very small adipocytes
mature adipocytes
Fat cell size during growth (2 points)
hypertrophy in first year of life
variable hypertrophy during puberty
Fat cell number during growth (2 points)
no change during infancy
hyperplasia during childhood and adolescence
What is body composition? (2 points)
typically means the percentage of fat in the body
partitioning and quantifying basic components of body mass
what is the importance of body composition? (3 points)
sport performance
thermoregulation
risk factor of diseases
How do you measure BMI? (1 point)
What do the numbers indicate? (4 points)
BMI = mass / (height)^2
<20: underweight
20-25: healthy
25-30: overweight
>30: obese
What are 3 reasons for increases in obesity?
increased caloric consumption
increased fat consumption
decreased physical activity
relationship between physical activity and age (1 point)
physical activity decreases with age
reasons for decreases in physical activity (4 points)
increased urbanization
decreased safety considerations
decreased facilities
increased technologies
Risks with childhood obesity (7 points)
increased risk of high BP increased risk of heart disease increased risk of high cholesterol increased risk of diabetes respiratory problems orthopaedic problems psychological problems
what came first? overweight or low physical activity?
lower PA before becoming overweight
