Unit A Flashcards
What is the Relevace of Growth and Development? (4 points)
- Status (physical size, maturation, performance levels)
- Progress (rate of development - height, weight)
- Comparison and Prediction (abnormalities, interventions)
- Physical Activity and Performance (Is an activity in the best intrest of the individual, or for performance pressure? Are they prepared for stress?)
What are Practical Implications of Growth and Development? (10 points)
- Maturity-Related Behaviour
- Individual Developmental Rediness
- Response to Performance Pressures
- Gender Differences
- Maturational Conciderations
- Nature vs Nurture
- How Skills are Developed
- Universitality vs Variability
- Safety/Liability issues
- Sensitive or Critical Periods
Growth, Maturation and Development are influenced by….
5 things
Nutrition Childhood Disease Physical Activity Levels Envoronmental Stress Other Factors
What is Development? (1 point)
What are the 3 types?
the progressions and regressions that occur throughout the lifespan
3 types: biological, behavioural, and motor
What are the Stages of Development from Conception to Adulthood - ages? (5 stages)
- Prenatal: conception to birth
- Infancy: 0-2 years old
- Childhood: 2-12 years old
early childhood: 2-6 years old
late childhood: 6-12 years old - Adolescence: 12-18 years old
females: 11-18 years old
males: 13-18 years old - Adulthood: 18+ years old
What is Growth?
- definition (2 points)
- types of growth (3 points)
Growth is the structural aspect of development, increase in size
types:
1. Hyperplasia: increase in cell number
2. Hypertrophy: increase in cell size
3. Accretion: increase in intracellular substance
What are the 4 Types of Scammon Growth Curves
- General (Body) Curve
- Neural Curve
- Genital Curve
- Lymphoid Curve
What is Maturation? (6 points)
The functional changes of human development
Highly related to growth
Focuses on attaining the mature biological state
Internal time table
Inferred (mainly unobservable)
Mainly a qualitative funcitonal change
What are the 3 Types of Age?
- Chronological Age: in calandar years/months
- Biological (Growth) Age: observable, measurable
- Maturational Age: inferred, unobservable
What is Motor Development? (1 point)
Motor development is the continuous, interactive, and contextual processes through which a child aquires movement patterns and skills
What is Physical Literacy? (1 point)
individuals who are physically literate move with competence in a wade variety of physical activities that benefit the development of the whole person
What are the 3 Phases of Skill Development? Where is the Proficiency Barrier?
From top of triangle to bottom of triangle:
Specialized Movement
Fundamental Skills
Rudimentary Movement
We all start at the bottom, the Proficiency Barrier is between fundamental skills and specialized movement
What are the 7 Periods of Lifelong Motor Development?
- Reflexive/Spontaneous/Stereotypic Movements
- Rudimentary Phase (infancy)
- Fundamental Movement Phase (2-6 years old)
- Sports Skill Phase (middle - late childhood)
- Growth and Refinement Phase (adolescence)
- Peak Performance (20-30 years old)
- Regression (30+, 1% per year)
What is Motor Learning? (1 point)
study of the processes involved in aquiring and perfecting motor skills, inferred from performance
What is the Objective Skills Assessment? (3 points)
accuracy based
repetitive performance
assesses speed performer can complete given task
What are Performance-Based Assessments? (1 point)
demonstrate specific skills and compotencies in a real-life setting like a game
Early Movement Behaviour
What are the 3 Types of Reflexes?
primative
postural
locomotor
Early Movement Behaviour
What are examples of Spontaneous Movements? (3 points)
rhythmic leg kicking
alternate leg kicking
arm waving
Early Movement Behaviour
What are examples of Voluntary Movements? (4 points)
stability
locomotion
manipulation
fine motor object control
What are Primative Infant Reflexes used for? (3 points)
protection (startle reflex)
nutrition (sucking reflex)
survival (babinski reflex)
What are lifespan reflexes? ( 1 point)
Example? (1 point)
reflexes that endure are called lifespan reflexes
example: knee-jerk reflex
What is the Role of Reflexes in Developing Future Movement? (2 points)
can help determine the level of neurological maturation or cerebral injury
provide automatic movement that is practice for future stability and voluntary movement
What is the Search Reflex? (1 point)
baby turns head towards food when part of the cheek near the mouth is gently stimulated
What is the Sucking Reflex? (1 point)
assists with first inspiration
What is the Moro Reflex? (2 points)
elected by a rapid change of head position or by striking the surface that supports the baby
proceeds the startle reflex and causes the arms and legs to extend immediately rather than flex
What is the Startle Reflex? (2 points)
elected by a rapid change of head position or by striking the surface that supports the baby
causes the arms and legs to flex immediately
What is the Body Righting Reflex? (2 points)
the head rights itself with the body with the body is turned to one side
precursor to rolling movements
What is the Labyrinthine Reflex? (2 points)
head tilts in the opposite direction of the tilted body
related to upright posture (force of gravity)
What is the Tonic Neck Reflex? (2 points)
causes flexion on one side and extension on the other side (face side)
facilitates the development of body awareness
What are the 2 phases of walking?
swing phase: begins when foot of one leg leaves support surface, ends wen foot touches surface
support phase: time when balance is maintained on one foot
What is Sensory Motor Ability? (1 point)
Examples? (5 points)
the ability to use your senses for physical movements
visual auditory tactile smell taste
What is Motor Readiness? (2 points)
the degree for proficiency in pre-requisite qualities necessary to perform a particular motor skill
What level of motor ability, and fundamental motor skills exist?
What are Motor Abilities? (3 points)
refers to a general trait (largely genetic)
capacity of individual that is related to performance of a variety of skills
motor abilities underlie the performance of a motor skill
What are the Fundamentals? (3 points)
A: agility
B: balance
C: coordination
What is Postural Control? (3 points)
involves balance but also the ability to assume and maintain a desired orientation
it relies on major body sensors: vestibular, vision, proprioceptors
cartoon of an internal or sensorimotor map of the body and its wired through repeated and varied sensory-perception-action cycles
What is Object Permanence? (1 point)
realization that objects continue to exist when they are no longer in view
What is Figure-Ground Perception? (1 point)
the ability to distinguish an object from its surrounding background
What is Depth Perception? (1 point)
ability to judge the distance go an object from the self
What is Kinesthetic Perception? ( 2 points)
awareness of movement and body position without the use of sight and sound
sensation from the vestibular system , and receptors in the skin, muscles, and joints
What is Body Awareness? (1 point)
knowing the names of the body parts, their location, and relationship to each other, and body abilities
What is Spatial Awareness? (1 point)
knowledge of the body and its position in relation to other objects
What is Temporal Awareness? (2 points)
ability to observe control and differentiate the rhythm of an action according to the environmental demands in a particular situation
emphasizes auditory, kinaesthetic, tactual, and visual stimuli
What are Movement Patterns? (3 points)
basic functional structure of a fundamental motor skill
series of movements organized in a particular time-space sequence
common elements are observable in more than one motor skill
What are some benefits of Competency in Fundamental Skills? (3 points)
behavioural benefits: higher levels of physical activity
physiological benefits: lower BMI, higher cardiorespiratory fitness
psychological benefits: higher levels of perceived physical competence
What are Overuse Injuries? (1 point)
What are common sites? (3 points)
What are some injuries as a result? (2 points)
occur as a result of placing the body under repeated stress per a long period of time
common places: epiphyseal plates, cartilage, stress fractures
Osgood Schlatter’s in the knee
athlete triad in females
Stages of Development in Sport from Early Childhood to Late Adolescence (4 stages)
sampling years: age 6-12
specializing years: age 13-16
investment years: 16+
recreational years: 12+
