Unit A: Sections 1&2 (Grade 8) Flashcards
Most questions in this deck relate mainly to the following: - Matter (particles, Kinetic Energy...) - Safety in the Lab (WHMIS, Hazard Symbols, etc)
Particle Model of Matter
PMAST
All matter is made of tiny PARTICLES.
The particles are always MOVING or VIBRATING (have kinetic energy).
The particles are ATTRACTED to each other and have SPACES between them.
As TEMPERATURE increases, the particles move more (kinetic energy increases)
Hazard Symbol
A sign that tells you to be aware and careful while handling said substance.
Shape/Colour indicates HOW dangerous something is
The symbol tells you WHAT the danger is.
- More sides = More danger
- Yellow - Red = Increasing in danger
WHMIS
Workplace
Hazardous
Materials
Information
System
Fluids
What are fluids? What are their properties?
Can be liquids or gases
Anything that has no fixed shape and can flow
1. Move Materials (Hose washing mud)
2. Process Materials
- Glass - shape comes from melting into liquid
- Steel - when mixture of elements melted together,
forms a solid
3. Use Materials (Toothpaste - a fluid - HOLDS tooth detergents)
Slurries
Mixtures of water and solids (mud/dirt)
Matter
What is Matter?
- Anything that takes up space
- Made up of tiny particles invisible to the naked eye
- Has mass
- physicaly separated between pure substances and mixtures
Metal
A substance that conducts electricity
[Does it conduct electricity?]
[Yes –> Metal]
[No –> Non-Metal]
Sublimation
Solid-Gas
Deposition
Gas-Solid
Pure Substance
- Made up of one type of particle that cannot be separated
- All particles of one pure substance that is all the same
- Can be [chemical reactions are] elements or compounds
Mixtures
Multiple substances mixed
Can be classified as either homogeneous (solution) or heterogeneous
Has 3 heter. types
- Mechanical Mixture
- Suspension
- Colloid
Homogeneous
Provide example(s)
Looks like 1 substance (coffee, tea)
Heterogeneous
Can see all different parts (pizza, cookie, cereal)
Compound
A substance that consists of multiple elements
Element
Something that cannot be simplified/broken down into simpler substances by chemical means
Mechanical Mixture
Provide Examples
Can be identified and disassembled (cookie, chili, stew)
Suspension
Provide Example
Cloudy mixture in which droplets are suspended in another substance (oil in water)
Colloid
Cloudy mixtures, but the droplets are so small that they don’t separate easily (milk)
Solution
Howdo you get a solution? What is it?
- Particles of one “fit” between others, making it look like one substance
- A homogenous mixture
-
Multiple pure substances mixed
Dissolving one substance into another = Solution
mPhysical Properties
- Can be OBSERVED/MEASURED without altering the substance
- Observable with 5 senses
Physical Changes
The substance (CHEMICAL MAKEUP) is not changed.
Size
State
Form
(Water/Ripping Paper)
Qualitative
Only requires observations and descriptors ((colour, viscosity, lustre, texture, etc.))
Quantitative
Properties that can be measured ((boiling/melting point, electrical conductivity, density, viscosity))
Chemical Changes
When multiple substances combine to create a new/verydifferent substance.
Chemical changes are changes in colour, odour, formation of gas/solids, release/absorption of heat
Chemical Properties
Describes how a substance interacts with another. Chemical properties include reactions with Acids, Water, Heat, Burns, Oxygen/Air
Endothermic
Absorption of heat. (En=Enter)
Feels COLD
Exothermic
Release of heat. (Ex=Exit) Feels HOT
Solute
The substance that dissolves within another substance (sugar)
Solvent
The substance that does the dissolving (water)
Concentrated // (-tion)
A solution with LOTS of solute compared to the solvent
Amount of solute within the solvent
Solute/Solvent x 100%
g/mL x 100%
Dilute
A solution with LITTLE solute compared to solvent (whiskey and water)
Solubility
The MAXIMUM amount of solute that can be dissolved within the solvent at a given TEMPERATURE.
Solute/Temperature x 100%
Saturation Point
The point where no more solute can be added to the solvent; the solvent/solution resists.
PPE
Personal
Protective
Equipment
Saturated
A saturated solution is a solution in which no more solute can dissolve at a given temperature
Value = On Line
Unsaturated
More solute can dissolve
Value = Below Line
Supersaturated
A supersaturated solution is one that contains more solute than it normally would be able to dissolve at a certain temperature
What affects the dissolving rate in solutions?
Agitation - shaking/stirring
Temperature - increasing speeds, decreasing slows
Surface Area - solution takes up more space (wide)
What does water weigh?
1 g/mL
Properties
Characteristics that describe matter
Lustre
Shine
Hardness
A substance’s ability to resist being scratched
Can be measured by the Mohs’ Scale
Talc-Diamond
Melting Point (PHP)
The point where subs. changes from solid-liquid
(Water = 0°C)
Boiling point (PHP)
The temperature at which a subs. changes from liquid-gas
(Water = 100°C)
Malleability
The ability to be compressed/folded into sheets (aluminum)
Ductility
Ability to be stretched into long wires (copper)
Density
Amount of mass in a given volume of a subs.
Water = 1g/mL
Conductivity
Ability to conduct electricity or heat
(think conductors and insulators)
Plasticity
Can be shaped/molded
Crystal
A substance having a distinct shape for crystal
Silicon crystals are diamond-shaped, and salt is in cubes
