Cells & Cellular Processes 1&2 Flashcards
What are the Major Organ Systems in the body?
- Digestive System
- Respiratory System
- Circulatory System
- Excretory System
- Nervous System
Digestive System
What is the FUNCTION of the Digestive System?
To break down food into smaller particles so they can be absorbed and transported to the entire body.
Takes the food consumed and converts it into energy.
Digestive System
What are the Main Processes for the Digestive System? What do they do? What is the Function?
- Ingestion: Eating or intaking food
- Digestion: Breaking down food with enzymes
- Excretion: Getting rid of the wastes
Digestive System
What are the types of digestion? What’s the difference?
- Mechanical Digestion involves the PHYSICAL breakdown of food into very small pieces.
- Chemical Digestion involves the breakdown of large particles into smaller particles by chemicals called ENZYMES
The mouth has both ways to digest foods, mech. - teeth / chem. - saliva
Digestive System
ENZYMES
What are ENZYMES?
Substance created by the body to carry out chemical digestion
Food path through the Digestive System
Mouth
Digestive System
- Starting point of the Digestive System
- The teeth mechanically digest the food by grinding and mixing it with saliva (chemically digest).
- Saliva has water to moisten food (AKA salivary amylase) to chemically digest large starch molecules into smaller sugar molecules.
Food path through the Digestive System
Esophagus
As you swallow, a flap of tissue called the epiglottis moves accross your windpipe and the food goes into the esophagus. It goes down the windpipe by peristalsis
The muscles behind the food contract while the ones infront loosen. The esophagus does not need to rely on gravity to intake food and water.
Food path through the Digestive System
Peristalsis
Wave-like contraption of the muscle tissue that lines the esophagus
- Your muscles respond to the food with peristalsis
Food path through the Digestive System
Stomach
- The arrival of food stimulates (alerts) the stomach to respond.
- The muscular wall of stomach churns the food while mixing it with secretions from the wall of the stomach known as gastric juice.
- ## The stomach slowly releases the food, which is now a liquid paste called chyme, into the small intestine
Food path through the Digestive System
What is Gastric Juice
Stomach
Gastric juice is composed of
- Mucus – prevents gastric juice from digesting stomach itself
- Water
- Hydrochloric Acid (chemically digests protiens into smaller particles)
- Digestive enzymes – chemecally digest proteins into smaller particles
Food path through the Digestive System
Small Intestine
How long is it?
Continues CHEMICAL digestion (~6m long) and ABSORBS nutrients/particles into the bloodstream through villi.
Food path through the Digestive System
Villi and Microvilli
- Small, finger-like projections on the inner surface of a small intestine. They add surface area to increase absorption.
-Microvilli are villi on top of villi to increase surface area even more.
Food path through the Digestive System
Pancreas
Sends digestive enzymes into small intestine to complete breakdown of starches and protein into small particles
Food path through the Digestive System + Excretory System
Liver
HINT:talk about ammonia
Produced by a substance called BILE, which is used to breakdown globules (chunks) of lipids (fat)
Takes the highly toxic AMMONIA (NH4) produced by the body’s cells out of the bloodstream and converts it into something less dangerous, urea (pee).
Urea is then released back into the bloodstream to be exposed of
BILE = stored in gallbladder
Food path through the Digestive System
Large Intestine
- By the time the particles reach the L. Intestine (1.5m long), mechanical and chemical digestion are complete.
- The large intestine absorbs WATER along with some other nutrients.
Digestive System
Name the Food Path through the Digestive System in Order
1) Mouth
2) Esophagus
3) Stomach
4) Small Intestine
5) Pancreas
6) Liver
7) Large Intestine
Digestive System
What is a digestive disease? Name some common problems
A digestive disease is any disease that occurs in the digestive tract.
- Conditions may range from mild - serious
Common Problems:
- Stomach ulcers
- Cancer
- Irritable bowel syndrome
- Lactose intolerance
Respiratory System
What is the Function of the Respiratory System? Main functions?
Function: gas exchange between oxygen and carbon dioxide. We need O2 to survive
- Transport O2 from the outside air into the lungs where deoxygenated (needs oxygen) blood cells get replenished with oxygen (become oxygenated blood cells).
- Transports CO2 (waste) from the blood to the outside air.
Main Functions:
- Inhalation (breathing in O2 fills lungs)
- Exhalation (breathing out CO2 waste leaves body)
Respiratory System
Cellular Respiration
Add Formula
Food + O2 = Water + CO2 + Energy.
When our cells do their work, they release energy (our body uses energy to do daily tasks) and water and CO2 whcih we exhale as out bodies don’t need it.
Respiratory System, TERM
Bronchi
The two main branches of the Trachea that lead into the lungs (singular: broncus)
Respiratory System, TERM
Bronchioles
Tubes that connect the bronchi to the air sacs in the lungs (alveoli)
Respiratory System, TERM
Alveoli
- Tiny air-filled sacs in the lungs
- The site where gas exchange occurs (singular: alveolus)
Respiratory System
How do you Breathe?
What do the parts do?
Breathing is the proccess your respiratory uses to move air in and out of your lungs. It happens because of your rib and diaphram muscles.
INHALE
- Rib & Diaphram muscles contract, pulling rubs UP and diaphram DOWN
- Increases size of chest and lungs, causing pressure to decrease
- Air outside your body is at a HIGHER pressure and is pulled INTO your lungs.
EXHALE
- The rib and diaphram muscles RELAX, SO your ribs go DOWN and your diaphram goes UP.
- The decreases the size of your chest and lungs, causing the pressure inside to INCREASE. In turn, air is forces out of your lungs.
Respiratory System
Inside the LUNGS
The TRACHEA splits into 2 tubes called BRONCHI which then branch into a bunch or BRONCHIOLES which end in little sacs called ALVEOLI
Alvioli
Talk about gas exchange
- Thin walls allow gas exchange.
- Gasses like O2 and CO2 can pass in or out through DIFFUSION
- Covered in thin capillaries (smaller than veins and arteries).
- Escaping gasses enter the bloodstream through these capillaries
- This is where the O2 goes into the blood and CO2 leaves the blood and goes into the lungs.
Respiratory System
Alveoli / Capillary DIFFUSION
- The air in the alveoli has a high concentration of O2.
- The air in the RED BLOOD CELLS in the bloodstream have a high concentration of CO2
- Concentration wants to EQUALIZE… DIFFUSION occurs!
Fluids (NOT H2O) travel from high conc. to low conc, this is diffusion
Respiratory System
Negative Influences on the Respiratory System
- SMOKING can cause lung disease by damaging your airways and the small air sacs (aveoli) found in your lungs.
- Lung diseases caused by smoking include COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease), which includes emphysema and chronic bronchitis.
- Cigarette smoking causes most cases or lung cancer
Circulatory System
Name Function, Jobs, and main parts of the Circulatory System
Function: Circulates blood around the body through blood vessels (veins and arteries) through and from the heart and lungs. It is your body’s transport network.
- Besides nutrients, your C. system must also transport O2 to your cells and remove waste products.
2 Jobs:
- Deliver nutrients absorbed by digestive system to each cell in your body
- Transport O2 to your cells and remove waste products
Main Parts:
- Heart, blood, blood vessels (arteries, capillaries, veins)
Circulatory System
Heart
The heart is a pump that circulates blood throughout the entire body and lungs. It is actually two pumps.
RIGHT SIDE:
- Pumps blood to the lungs (to get fresh oxygen)
- Right Atrium: Recieves low oxygenated blood from the body and pumps it into the right ventricle.
- Right Ventricle: When it contracts, it pumps blood to the lungs (pulmonary).
LEFT SIDE:
- Recieves oxygen rich blood from lungs
- Left Atrium: Recieves O2 rich bloood from lungs and pumps it into left ventricle
- Left Ventricle: When it contracts, it pumps blood to the body.
Be careful on test questions with the left & right side of the heart.
Blue areas show blood coming FROM THE BODY (needs O2)
Red areas show blood going INTO THE BODY (has O2)
Circulatory System
Blood Vessels: Arteries VS Veins
- Arteries = Away from the heart (carrying oxygenated blood)
- Veins = Towards the heart (carrying deoxiginated blood)
Example: Look at your wrists, the veins are blue and deoxygenated.
Circulatory System
Arteries vs Veins vs Capillary
Blood Vessels
Artery
- Away from heart. Oxygenated blood.
- Thick, muscular walls to carry blood under pressure. Walls made of smooth muscle.
Veins
- Thin walls - brings blood back to the heart. Deoxygenated blood. Have valves to prevent backflow
Capilllary
- Helps with diffusion. Very thin vessels with walls of epithelial tissue. Located between joining of arteries and veins. Made of specialized epithelial tissue that is only one cell layer thick – so blood passes through in single file.
- Thin walls promote diffusion
Circulatory + Repiratory System
How do they work together?
- Capillaries allow for OXYGEN from the lungs to ENTER the blood through the capillaries
- They can also allow CO2 to leave the blood into the lungs to leave the body as a waste when you breathe out.
Circulatory System
Remembering Tips: A-V
Blood always moves from A to V, just like the alphabet.
- (Right) Atrium to (right) Ventricle to Artery (way to lungs) to Vein (way back to heart) to (left) Ventricle to Artery to Vein and back again
- Atrium to Ventricle to Artery to Vein
Capillaries are between arteries and veins.
Circulatory System
Blood
Name the types and what they do
1) White Blood Cells - Specialized to fight infections
2) Red Blood Cells - Carry O2
3) Platelets - Cells that help stop bleeding
4) Plasma - Liquid portion of your blood. Transports nutrients to your cells and carries wastes away.
Circulatory System
Name the key terms of the Circulatory System
- Arteries: Thick-walled blood vessels that take blood away from the heart to the rest of the body.
- Artery walls are made up of smooth muscle.
- Aorta: Large artery carrying blood from the left ventricle to the body
- Veins: Blood vessels that return blood from the body to the heart; have valves
- Atria: Upper chambers of the heart that receive blood from the body and lungs (singluar: atrium)
- Ventricles: Lower chambers of the heart that pump blood to the body.
- Capillaries: Are located between the arteries and veins. Diffusion of nutrients and gases occurs in your capillaries. They are made of specialized epithelial (skin) tissue that is only ONE cell layer thick. They are very narro so blood passess through in single-file
Circulatory System
Atherosclerosis
Ather-o-skler-io-sis
Hardening of the arteries
- Typically caused by a diet high in fat, which leaves fatty deposits on the lining of the blood vessels. These fatty deposists stick together and make the arteries hard and less flexible.
- Artherosclerosis leads to high blood pressure, which can damage the heart and kidneys and even lead to strokes.
Excretory System
Name the function of the Excretory System
- The body produces different types of wastes.
- These wastes are poisonous, and if not removed form the body, can cause you serious harm.
- Your Excretory System is responsible for the EXCRETION (removal) of CHEMICAL and GASEOUS wastes from your body.
Excretory System
Waste Products
Your cells produce these substances as waste
- Carbon Dioxide is removed by the lungs during gas exchange
- Ammonia is produced when your cells breakdown proteins
- Water - product of Cellular Respiration
- Salt - sweat
Excretory System
Kidneys
Main organs of excretion. They are filters of the blood, straining out unwanted urea, water, and other salts to produce urine.
More water in your blood = more urine
Excretory System
Urine
Describe the formation
- Blood enters through the Renal Artery which branches into smaller and smaller vessels (capillaries).
- The capillaries enter filtering units called NEPHRONS.
- Each kidney had MILLIONS of nephrons. These microscopic units remove wastes from the blood and produce urine. The urine leaves the nephrons and flows into the uterers.
- Clean filtered blood returns to the body through the renal vein.
Excretory System
Uterers
(s)
Tube connecting kidneys to bladder
Excretory System
Bladder
Stores urine (is covered in muscle; can expand). When full, it contracts and pushes urine through the urethra (tube that carries urine out of the body)
Excretory System
What do the kidneys, ureter, urethra & urinary bladder do? What are they?
VERY IMPORTANT
KIDNEYS:
- Removes wastes & excess fluids into urine. - MAIN organs of excretion.
- Act as filters to the blood, straining out unwanted urea, water, & other salts and they produce urine.
Ureter
- Long tube that urine travels through from the kidneys to the bladder
Urinary Bladder:
- Stores urine
Urethra:
- Urine exits the body by passing through the urethra
Excretory System
Skin
Skin has 1000s of tiny sweat glands just below the surface.
These sweat glands produce sweat to keep you cool and excrete excess salt from your blood.
Excretory System
Urine can Reveal Diseases
Docters can determine if you have certain diseases by testing your urine.
Examples:
- People who are experiencing kidney failure have protien inside their urine because the kidneys can’t filter properly.
- In diabetes, people will have sugar in their urine since their cells aren’t able to absorb and use glucose properly. In turn, it builds up in their blood stream. The blood contains so much glucose that the nephrons filterit out and add it to the urine.
Excretory System
Dialysis
People who’s kidney’s do not function must rely on a machine called a “Kidney Dialysis Machine.” – It removes waste from the blood that the kidney would normally do
- When a person undergoes dialysis, their blood flows into a special tubing inside the machine. The tubing is made of a selectively permeable matrial, allowing only certain substances to diffuse through it.
- Fluid called dialysate surrounds the special tubing. Wastes from the blood diffuse out of the blood and into the fluid… while a certain other substance diffused from the fluid into the blood to balance it out. The blood then flows back into the person . . . DIFFUSION!!!
Nervous System
Function of the nervous system:
What parts it consists of, it’s main function
- Consists of brain, spinal cord, and nerves.
- Controls actions of all organs & organ systems
-
Detects, process, and responds to changes in the external and internal environments.
Stimulus – Response = Cause – Effect
Nervous System
What is the Nervous System? What are it’s two divisions?
The nervous system is like the electrical system of a house. How lights come one & off etc.
2 Divisions:
CENTRAL Nervous System (CNS)
- Brain & Spinal Cord
PERIPHERAL Nervous System (PNS)
- Crainal (head) and spinal nerves
Nervous System
Neurons, Dendrites, Axon.
The nervous system is made up of nervous tissue.
- Nervous tissue is made of special cells called neurons. Their job is to send & recieve messages.
- A neuron recieves messages from small branches called dendrites. From here, messages are relayed through the cell body to the AXON. The Axon carries messages away from the cell body to it’s branches.
Nervous System
PNS vs CNS
Explain neurons and internal/external information
PNS: Has neurons that:
- Sensory Neurons: Carry messages from the body to the CNS
- Relay Neurons: Relay messages between other neurons
- Motor Neurons: Carry messages from CNS to the muscles/organs.
CNS:
- The Briain recieves info from external stimuli from sense organs (5 senses)
- The brain recieves internal stimuli from the body itself and sends messages to the right body parts
Nervous System
PNS vs CNS
SOMATIC vs AUTONOMIC, BRAIN vs SPINAL CORD
Somatic Nervous System:
- Voluntary Response using skeletal muscles (brain is thirsty and you see a glass of water)
Autonomic Nervous System
- Involuntary/automatic response (you don’t think about breathing to breath)
—————————————————————————-
Brain: 3 main sections
- Cerebrum
- Cerebellum
- Medulla (brain stem)
Spinal Cord:
- Connects brain to peripheral nervous system, allowing the brain to communicate properly
- Has INTERNEURON connecting one neuron to another, allowing messages to skip the brain in an emergancy (touch a hot stove, pull away)
Nervous System
PNS vs CNS
What does the Autonamic N split into? ____ ____ arc? Why is __ important
PNS: The autonamic system spilts into the:
- Sympathetic Nervous System (arousing/evoking) – FIGHT or FLIGHT
- Parasympathetic Nervous System (calming) – helps control your body in times of rest
CNS: Reflex Arc
Sometimes you have to respond to a stimuli faster than it reaches the brain so there is a shortcut.
- The reflex arc is where the sensory and motor neurons work together WITHOUT the brain (reflex).
- This is an automatic response to external stimuli.
- There is still a message sent to the brain, but it takes an extra moment for it to realize
So what?
- Reflexes help prevent injury by reducing the time it takes for your body to react to harmful stimuli.
Summarize the 6 parts of the Nervous System
Nervous System:
- Peripheral & Central (brain + spinal cord)
- Autonomic (self regulated actionpf internal organs + glands) & Somatic (controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles)
- Sympathetic (aurousing) & Parasympathetic (calming)
