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Science 8-10, Social 8 > Cells and Systems - 3&4 > Flashcards

Cells and Systems - 3&4 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cell

What is a cell?

A

Cells are the basic unit of life
They are the smallest functioning units of life
All organisms are made of at least ONE cell

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2
Q

Largest to Smallest

Order from largest to smallest

A

Systems → Organs → Tissues → Cells

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3
Q

4 Main Types of Tissue

What are tissues? The 4 Kinds? What do they do?

A

A tissue is a group of specialised cells
Connective Tissue: supports other tissues (bones, blood, lymph tissues)
Epithelial Tissue: Provides covering and protection (skin, linen or your insides)
Muscle Tissue: includes striated muscles which help move the skeleton , and smooth muscles like the muscle around the stomach
Nervous Tissue: Made of nerve cells called neurons. This tissue carries electrical “messages” around the body

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4
Q

Single-Celled vs Multi-Celled

A

Single Celled – SIMPLE
- Made up of one cell
- One cell carries out all the functions
- Eg: yeast, Amoeba, Paramecium, some algae

Multi-Celled – COMPLEX
- Made up of many cells
- Rely on many different specialised cells (skin, muscle, etc.)
- Different cells have different functions
Eg: Human // Plants // Animals

Single-Celled can also be classified as “unicellular” which means “one.”

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5
Q

Amoeba

What is Amoeba?

A
  • Unicellular organisms like amoeba often develop spesialised structures to help them perform functions like eating
  • Lives in water
  • Moves around using pseudopods (false feet or foot-like projections)
  • Extend a pseudopod and the cytoplasm fills it. Then they fuse together and form a vacuole (space in cytoplasm) around the food particle
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6
Q

Paramecium

What is a Paramecium? Include Cilia

A
  • Paramecia (plural for paramecium) move swiftly through the freshwater where they live
  • Paramecium are covered in hair like structures called cilia
  • These cilia move back and forth like oars to move them through the water
    Cilia also gathers food by:
  • Bringing food to an oral groove
    Sweeping the food into the cytoplasm
  • Forming a food vacuole
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7
Q

Cell Structures

What Are Some Cell Structures? What do they Do?

A

Flagella: Long and tail like.
They whip back and forth to move the cell
Cilia: are short, hair-like structures
They move a cell or move molecules away from a cell
The cilia in your windpipe move harmful particles away from your lungs

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8
Q

Animal vs Plant Cells

Cells, Tissues, Organs

What are Cells, Tissues, and Organs?

A

Cell: Individual unit of life
Tissue: Group of specialised cells
Organ: Group of tissues that perform a specific function

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9
Q

Organelle

What are Organelles?

A

Organelles are small structures within the cell that perform specific functions for the cell.
Some organelles are only found in plant cells

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10
Q

Animal vs Plant Cells

Mitochondria

What does this do?

A

Powerhouse of the cell in which nutrients are digested and converted into usable energy.
The chemical reactions responsible for convertign energy into usable forms
Increase in folds = more surface area = more energy
Responsible for cellular respiration
In both plant and animal cells

Remember: O2 has to do with energy

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11
Q

Animal vs Plant Cells

Cell Membrane

What does this do?

A

Flexible protective barrier that surrounds the cell gives it structure
Controls what goes in and out of the cell. Selectively Permeable (like drawbridge)
In both plant and animal cells

Membrane: Boundries between 2 areas

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12
Q

Animal vs Plant Cells

Cytoplasm

What does this do?

A

Fluid of dissolved molecules (water, salts, proteins, etc.) that suspends the organelles
Jelly-like substance
Cyto- means cells
In both plant and animal cells

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13
Q

Animal vs Plant Cells

Nucleus

What does this do?

A

Brain or “command centre” of the cell “headquarters”
Contains DNA (Genetic Code)
The normal human cells (somatic) contain about 6ft of DNA in the nucleus
In both plant and animal cells

Somatic - relating to the body

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14
Q

Animal vs Plant Cells

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

What does this do?

A

A protein and manufacuring the package system
Ribosomes are attached to the outside making it “rough”
In both plant and animal cells

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15
Q

Animal vs Plant Cells

Ribosomes

What do they do?

A

Connect amino acids to build proteins that are needed for cell functions
In both plant and animal cells

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16
Q

Animal vs Plant Cells

Golgi Body

What does this do?

A

Gathers simple molecules to sort and package into more complex molecules
In both plant and animal cells

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17
Q

Animal vs Plant Cells

Lysosomes

What do they do?

A

Small sacs that destroy unwanted bacteria
Strong enzymes held digests dead/damaged organelles
“Recycling Centre”
In both plant and animal cells

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18
Q

Animal vs Plant Cells

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

What does this do?

A

Plays an important role in the creation of lipids and hormones
Transports lipids and proteins throughout the cell
No ribosomes attached = smooth
In both plant and animal cells

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19
Q

Animal vs Plant Cells

Centrioles

What do they do?

A

Two organelles that help the cell divide
ONLY IN ANIMAL CELLS

Oddball

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20
Q

Animal vs Plant Cells

Vacuoles

What does a Vacuole do?

A

Storage bins where food, nutrients, and waste are kept
Plant cells - usually have one large vacuole
Animal cells - usually have several small vacuoles

Oddball

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21
Q

Animal vs Plant Cells

Cell Wall

What does this do?

A

Rigid frame-like structure that surrounds the cell membrane
Made of cellulose
Tougher and thicker than cell membrane
Protects and keeps shape of cell]
ONLY IN PLANT CELLS

Oddball

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22
Q

Animal vs Plant Cells

Chloroplasts

What does this do?

A

Solar panels of the cell
Chloroplasts carry out photosynthesis (energy + H2O + CO2 = O2 and sugars/glucose)
Chloroplasts are filled with discs containing a pigment called chlorophyll
Chlorophill is the reason leaves are green!
ONLY IN PLANT CELLS

Oddball

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23
Q

Most to Least Specialised

A

Cells → Tissues → Organs → Body Systems

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24
Q

Passive Tansport

What is Passive Transport?

A

Always moves from high concentration to low concentration
PASSIVE = DOES NOT REQUIRE ENERGY

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25
Q

Diffusion

What is Diffusion

A

The movement of particles from an area of high conc to low conc
Particles want to acheive an equilibrium within a fluid
Or..
“Diffusion is the net movement of particles from an area of higher conc to lower conc.”

PASSIVE PROCESS

COGNITO

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26
Q

Equilibrium

What is it?

A

When all the particles in a fluid are spread out evenly

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27
Q

Osmosis

A

The diffusion of WATER accross selectively permeable membranes
- Basically diffusion but instead of other fluids, it is strictly water

“Osmosis is just a special case of diffusion, aka the diffusion of water molecules
- osmosis is the net movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane, from a region of higher conc to lower conc”

COGNITO

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28
Q

Isotonic vs Hypotonic vs Hypertonic Solutions

Isotonic Solutions

What is it?

A

iso means same
The extracellular fluid has the same osmolarity as the cell… so there will be no net movement of water into or out of the cell

29
Q

Isotonic vs Hypotonic vs Hypertonic Solutions

Hypotonic Solution

What is it?

A

hypo means less than
There is LESS WATER in the cell than there should be, so water will diffuse into the cell

30
Q

Isotonic vs Hypotonic vs Hypertonic Solutions

Hypertonic Solution

What is it?

A

hyper means greater than
There is way MORE water in the cell than there should be, so the water will move out of the cell to the regoin of higher solute conc.

31
Q

Permeable

What does this mean?

A

A membrane that allows all materials to go through
Eg: Cotton shirts are permeable to water

32
Q

Selectively Permeable

What does this mean?

A

A membrane that allows only some materials to pass through
Eg: Cell Membranes

33
Q

Impermeable

What does this mean?

A

A membrane that doesn’t allow anything to pass through
Eg: Plastic is impermeable to water

34
Q

Rate of Diffusion

What are some factors that affect the rate of diffusion?

A

Distance: The longer the distance the particles need to travel, the longer the proccess of diffusion it will take
Temperature: Increased temp = more energy for particles. The particles move faster and in turn, diffuse faster
Characteristics of the Substance: If the particles are too large, it might be more difficult for them to diffuse accross a barrier
Increasing the Difference in Conc: Larger difference in conc = faster the particles will move to acheive equilibrium

DICT Acronym

35
Q

Active Transport

What is it?

A

Requires energy to move AGAINST the gradient
Moves from an area of LOW to HIGH conc.

Opposite of Passive Transport

36
Q

Homeostasis

What is it?

A

Responding and adapting to your environment
So.. it is the ability for organisms to react to sudden changes in the immediate surroundings
Eg:
- Warm blooded animals - maintain a regular body temp
- Pupils contract when witnessing sunlight
- Regulation of blood sugar levels
- Blood clotting
- Shivers/goosebumps

37
Q

Heritability and Reproduction

Why are Variation and Diversity Important?

A

Variation and Diversity allow wild populations to survive, reproduce, and adapt to future environmental changes.

38
Q

Somatic Cells

What are Somatic Cells? How many chromosomes (pairs) do humans have?

A

Body cells like skin, muscle, etc. have 100% of your DNA in each cell.
This is known as diploid and is represented as 2n
Has 23 pairs of chromosomes, or 46 in total for human body
They are responsible for Repair, Regeneration, and Growth

Somatic - related to the body

Somatic cells have nothing to do with reproduction, as they have 100% of your DNA. If your partner shared 100% of their DNA with the baby, that would result in a baby with 200% of the parents DNA

39
Q

Gamete Cells

What are they? How many Chromosomes?

A

Reproductive or sex cells (sperm -♂- and egg -♀-) that have haploids and is represented with n
Has 23 chromosomes (half of what somatic has) in human gamete cells
Gametes only have 50% of DNA because when 👉👌 happens, your partner has 50% aswell, which adds up to your baby having 100% of both parents DNA.

40
Q

Chromosome

What is a Chromosome? Somatic/Gamete Cells for offspring

A

A DNA strand that has been wound up so many times around proteins that it becomes a shape simillar to an “X”
- It is compact because there are so many of them and must be storable within the nucleus
- Unwinds when replicated
SOMATIC CELLS:
-23 chromosomes form mom
-23 chromosomes from dad
= 46 chromosomes in offspring

41
Q

DNA

What is DNA composed of? What does the acronym stand for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic Acid
The double helix is composed of phosphate sugar backbone and Nucleotide bases
The following 4 bases make ALL living things:
- Guanine
- Cytosine
- Adenine
- ** T**hymine

G+C // A+T

42
Q

DNA con’d

GENE

What is a Gene?

A

Portion of DNA that codes for a specific trait (hair colour, height, skin tone, etc.)

43
Q

Heritable

A

A trait that can be passed down to the offspring from the parents

Blood type, certain disorders, etc.

44
Q

Discrete Variation

A

Can simply be answered with a “yes”or “no”
Limited possibilities
eg: your can either roll your tongue, or you cannot

45
Q

Continuous Variation

A

Varies continuously in a population with no specific yes/no answer.
Range of possibilities
Creasted curves of graphs

How tall are you? yes // That doesn’t make sense

46
Q

Asexual Reproduction

Binary Fission

What is it?

A

When a unicellular organism replicates it’s DNA and splits into 2 (it must grow to split)
One parent cell becomes 2 daughter cells
Happens quickly
Daughter cells are clones, no change
The daughter cells will be split by a growing membrane in between, and then pull apart.

47
Q

Mitosis

What is it?

A

T for 2
How multicellular organisms undergo cell division to grow and repair.
It must grow in size and double the parents’ DNA to split into 2 daughter cells
Part of Asexual Reproduction

New skin cells are made, or a scab forms

48
Q

Sexual Reproduction

What happens during Sexual Reproduction?

A

It results in both parents donating 50% of their DNA to form an offspring
INCREASES variation within a species
Involves gamete cells (egg & sperm) with haploid amount of DNA

49
Q

Stages and Processes of Sexual Reproduction

What are the Stages and Processes of Sexual Reproduction?

A

Gametes and haploids are formed by meiosis
Fertilization happens
Forms Zygote
Mitosis
Blastocyst (ball of dividing cells created by fertilized egg)
Mitosis and Differentiation - cells start to specialize based on function
Embryo forms - each somatic cell in the baby has 100% DNA

50
Q

Fertilization

A

Process of sperm and egg combining

51
Q

Diploid

A

100% of DNA diploid (2n)

52
Q

Our Cells Divide, so what happens?

A

1 Chromosome BEFORE mitosis (1 chromotid)
2 Chromosomes after replication (2 chromotid)
1 Chromosome AFTER mitosis (1 chromotid)

53
Q

Meiosis

A

Makes gametes by cell replication
Forms 4 daughter cells with half the DNA as the parent cell

54
Q

Gametes

A

Sperm (male) and Egg (female)

55
Q

Haploid

What is a haploid? What is it represented as?

A

Sex cells that have 50% of your DNA
Haploid is represented as “n”

56
Q

Diploid

What is a diploid? What is it represented as?

A

Somatic cells which have 100% of your DNA
“2n”

57
Q

Dominant

A

Always expressed when present
Represented with a capital letter

58
Q

Recessive

A

Only expressed when no dominant genes are present (two recessive)
Represented with lowercase letters

59
Q

Gene

Genes vs Alleles

A

Segmant of DNA that controls a specific trait
Single gene codes for a particular trait
(eg. hair colour gene)

60
Q

Allele

Genes vs Alleles

A

A varient of a gene
2 or more alleles bring variations to the trait
Occurs in pairs (one from each parent)
Every choromosome has one (BB, bb, Bb, bB)
Brown hair allele from mom
Blond hair allele from dad

61
Q

Genotype

Genotype vs Phenotype

A

Combination of alleles possesed for specific gene
“AA, Bb, cc”

62
Q

Phenotype

Genotype vs Phenotype

A

Combonation of observable characteristics/traits
(eg. blonde, brunette, etc.)

63
Q

Homozygous Dominant

Homozygous vs Heterozygous

Hint: Break it down

A

Homo = Same
Dominant = Capital Letters
Both alleles are passed onto offspring are dominant

64
Q

Heterozygous Dominant

Homozygous vs Heterozygous

Hint: Break it down

A

Heter = Different
Dominant = Capital Letters
One allele passed onto offspring is dominant and the other is recessive

65
Q

Homozygous Recessive

Hint: Break it down

A

Homo = Same
Recessive = Lowercase Letters
Both allele passed to offspring are recessive

66
Q

Are Dominant Traits more Frequent?

A

No
Think Polydactyly (6 fingers, dominant). It is a common trait, however more people have 5 fingers (recessive)

67
Q

Incomplete Dominance

A

This is where neither allele is dominant, and instead, both play a role in the outcome.

68
Q

What environmental factors affect genetics? Why?

A

For example, a mother might have a completely normal baby in her womb, but if she goes and consumes a lot of alcohol while pregnant. That alcohol gets into the bloodstream and affects the babies development in brain structures and facial features.
(Fetal Alcohol Syndrome is a prime example)

Science 8-10, Social 8 (8 decks)

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