Cells and Systems - 3&4 Flashcards

Question

Diffusion | What is Diffusion

Answer 1

The movement of particles from an area of high conc to low conc Particles want to acheive an **equilibrium** within a **fluid** Or.. "Diffusion is the net movement of particles from an area of higher conc to lower conc." | PASSIVE PROCESS ## Footnote COGNITO

Answer 2

When all the particles in a fluid are spread out evenly

Answer 3

The **diffusion** of **WATER** accross selectively permeable membranes - Basically diffusion but instead of other fluids, it is strictly water "Osmosis is just a special case of diffusion, aka the diffusion of water molecules - osmosis is the net movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane, from a region of higher conc to lower conc" ## Footnote COGNITO

Answer 4

**iso** means same The extracellular fluid has the same osmolarity as the cell... so there will be no net movement of water into or out of the cell

Answer 5

**hypo** means less than There is LESS WATER in the cell than there should be, so water will diffuse **into** the cell

Answer 6

**hyper** means greater than There is way MORE water in the cell than there should be, so the water will move **out** of the cell to the regoin of higher solute conc.

Answer 7

A membrane that allows all materials to go through Eg: Cotton shirts are permeable to water

Answer 8

A membrane that allows only **some** materials to pass through Eg: Cell Membranes

Answer 9

A membrane that doesn't allow anything to pass through Eg: Plastic is impermeable to water

Answer 10

**Distance**: The longer the distance the particles need to travel, the longer the proccess of diffusion it will take **Temperature**: Increased temp = more energy for particles. The particles move faster and in turn, diffuse faster **Characteristics of the Substance**: If the particles are too large, it might be more difficult for them to diffuse accross a barrier **Increasing the Difference in Conc**: Larger difference in conc = faster the particles will move to acheive equilibrium | DICT Acronym

Answer 11

Requires energy to move AGAINST the gradient Moves from an area of LOW to HIGH conc. | Opposite of Passive Transport

Answer 12

Responding and adapting to your environment So.. it is the ability for organisms to react to sudden changes in the immediate surroundings Eg: - Warm blooded animals - maintain a regular body temp - Pupils contract when witnessing sunlight - Regulation of blood sugar levels - Blood clotting - Shivers/goosebumps

Answer 13

Variation and Diversity allow wild populations to survive, reproduce, and adapt to future environmental changes.

Answer 14

Body cells like skin, muscle, etc. have 100% of your DNA in each cell. This is known as **diploid** and is represented as **2n** Has 23 pairs of chromosomes, or 46 in total for human body They are responsible for Repair, Regeneration, and Growth | Somatic - related to the body ## Footnote Somatic cells have nothing to do with reproduction, as they have 100% of your DNA. If your partner shared 100% of their DNA with the baby, that would result in a baby with 200% of the parents DNA

Answer 15

Reproductive or sex cells (sperm -♂- and egg -♀-) that have **haploids** and is represented with **n** Has 23 chromosomes (half of what somatic has) in human gamete cells Gametes only have 50% of DNA because when 👉👌 happens, your partner has 50% aswell, which adds up to your baby having 100% of both parents DNA.

Answer 16

A DNA strand that has been wound up so many times around proteins that it becomes a shape simillar to an "X" - It is compact because there are so many of them and must be storable within the **nucleus** - Unwinds when replicated **SOMATIC CELLS**: -23 chromosomes form mom -23 chromosomes from dad = 46 chromosomes in offspring

Answer 17

**Deoxyribonucleic Acid** The double helix is composed of **phosphate sugar backbone** and **Nucleotide bases** The following 4 bases make **ALL** living things: - **G**uanine - **C**ytosine - **A**denine - ** T**hymine | G+C // A+T

Answer 18

Portion of DNA that codes for a **specific trait** (hair colour, height, skin tone, etc.)

Answer 19

A trait that can be passed down to the offspring from the parents | Blood type, certain disorders, etc.

Answer 20

Can simply be answered with a "yes"or "no" Limited possibilities eg: your can either roll your tongue, or you cannot

Answer 21

Varies continuously in a population with no specific yes/no answer. Range of possibilities Creasted curves of graphs | How tall are you? **yes** // That doesn't make sense

Answer 22

When a unicellular organism replicates it's DNA and splits into 2 (it must grow to split) One parent cell becomes 2 daughter cells Happens quickly Daughter cells are clones, no change The daughter cells will be split by a growing membrane in between, and then pull apart.

Answer 23

**T** for 2 How **multicellular** organisms undergo cell division to **grow and repair**. It must grow in size and double the parents' DNA to split into 2 daughter cells Part of Asexual Reproduction | New skin cells are made, or a scab forms

Answer 24

It results in both parents donating 50% of their DNA to form an offspring INCREASES variation within a species Involves gamete cells (egg & sperm) with haploid amount of DNA

Answer 25

Gametes and haploids are formed by **meiosis** **Fertilization** happens Forms **Zygote** **Mitosis** Blastocyst (ball of dividing cells created by fertilized egg) Mitosis and Differentiation - cells start to specialize based on function Embryo forms - each somatic cell in the baby has 100% DNA

Answer 26

Process of sperm and egg combining

Answer 27

100% of DNA diploid (2n)

Answer 28

1 Chromosome BEFORE mitosis (1 chromotid) 2 Chromosomes after replication (2 chromotid) 1 Chromosome AFTER mitosis (1 chromotid)

Answer 29

Makes gametes by cell replication Forms **4** daughter cells with half the DNA as the parent cell

Answer 30

Sperm (male) and Egg (female)

Answer 31

Sex cells that have 50% of your DNA Haploid is represented as "**n**"

Answer 32

Somatic cells which have 100% of your DNA "**2n**"

Answer 33

Always expressed when present Represented with a capital letter

Answer 34

Only expressed when no dominant genes are present (two recessive) Represented with lowercase letters

Answer 35

Segmant of DNA that controls a specific trait Single gene codes for a particular trait (eg. hair colour gene)

Answer 36

A varient of a gene 2 or more alleles bring variations to the trait Occurs in pairs (one from each parent) Every choromosome has one (**BB, bb, Bb, bB**) Brown hair allele from mom Blond hair allele from dad

Answer 37

Combination of alleles possesed for specific gene "AA, Bb, cc"

Answer 38

Combonation of observable characteristics/traits (eg. blonde, brunette, etc.)

Answer 39

Homo = Same Dominant = Capital Letters **Both** *alleles* are passed onto offspring are **dominant**

Answer 40

Heter = Different Dominant = Capital Letters **One** *allele* passed onto offspring is **dominant** and the **other** is **recessive**

Answer 41

Homo = Same Recessive = Lowercase Letters **Both** *allele* passed to offspring are **recessive**

Answer 42

No Think **Polydactyly** (6 fingers, dominant). It is a common trait, however more people have 5 fingers (recessive)

Answer 43

This is where neither allele is dominant, and instead, both play a role in the **outcome**.

Answer 44

For example, a mother might have a completely normal baby in her womb, but if she goes and consumes a lot of alcohol while pregnant. That alcohol gets into the bloodstream and affects the babies development in brain structures and facial features. (**Fetal Alcohol Syndrome** is a prime example)