Unit A (2.0): Sections 1&2 (Grade 8) Flashcards
1.1
Hazard Symbol
What is a hazard symbol? How do you know how dangerous the substance is?
A sign that indicates a saftey precausion.
A Hazard Symbol is made up of 2 parts:
- Shape/Colour indicate how dangerous something is
- Symbol indicates what the danger is
- Yellow / 3 Sides (CAUTION)
- Orange / 4 Sides (WARNING)
- Red / 8 Sides (DANGER)
WHMIS
Workplace
Hazerdous
Materials
Information
System
You’ll most likely find these symbols in a work site or lab
PPE
Personal
Protective
Equiptment
Closed toed shoes, hair up, goggles, long sleeves (lab coat), etc.
1.2
FLUIDS
What are fluids and how can they be used?
- Liquids & Gases
- Anything that flows
- Has no fixed shape
PUM - PROCESS Materials: Glass is made through heating substances; steel is a mixture of elements that, when melted together, makes a solid.
- USE Materials: Fluids can hold things together. Toothpaste holds detergent
- MOVE Materials: You can wash mud off your driveway with a hose.
Slurry
Mixtures of water and solids (mud/dirt)
Deposition
Gas-Solid
2.1
Sublimation
Solid-Gas
Matter
What is matter made up of?
- Takes up space
- Has mass
- Made up of tiny particles invisible to the nakes eye
- Can either be classified as pure substances or mixtures (physical seperation)
Pure Substance
What’s a pure substance?
- Made up of one type of particle that cannot be seperated
- Can either be compounds or elements
Mixtures
What’s a mixture? What are the types?
Multiple substances mixed
- Can either be homogeneous (solution) or heterogenous
3 types:
- Mechanical Mixture - Heter.
- Suspension - Heter.
- Colloid - Heter.
Solution
What’s a solution?
- Multiple pure substances mixed together.
- Particles ‘fit’ between others, making it impossible to tell them apart
- Homogeneous
Solvent + Solute = Solution
REMEMBER: A solution can be ANY state of matter
Metal
Substance that conducts electricity
[Does it conduct electricity?]
YES - Metal
NO - Non-metal
Paper Chromatography Test
What is the Paper Chromatography Test? Why is this done? How do we know?
To tell whether a fluid is a pure substance or a solution
How to tell:
- PURE SUBSTANCE: it will move up the filter paper in ONE section
- SOLUTION: the different substances in the solution will move up the filter paper (strip) in different levels. It seperates the different substances
Properties
What are properties? What are the types?
Characteristics that describe matter.
Matter has 2 types of properties:
- Physical Properties
- Chemical Properties
PHYSICAL Properties
What are physical properties?
Can be observed/measured WITHOUT altering the substance
Observable with the 5 senses
- Colour
- Lustre
- Hardness
- Melting point
- Boiling Point
- Crystal Shape
- Malleability
- Ductility
- Solubility
- Density
- Conductivity
- Plasticity
Senses: smell, see, touch, taste, hear
Lustre
Physical Property
Shininess
Melting Point
Physical Property
The temperature in which a substance changes state from solid-liquid
Boiling Point
Physical Property
The temperature in which a substance changes from liquid-gas
Hardness
Physical Property
The substance’s ability to resist being scrached.
Can be measured on the Moh’s Scale (1 = Talc, 10 = Diamond)
Malleability
Physical Property
Can be compressed/rolled into sheets (aluminum)
Ductility
Physical Property
Can be stretched into long wires (copper)
Solubility
Physical Property // What is solubility?
MAXIMUM amount of a solute that can dissolve within a solvent at a specific temperature
FOMULA: How much solute can dissolve within a solvent a given temperature. g/mL and temperature
Density
Physical Property
Amount of mass in a given volume of a substance
Water = 1 g/mL
Conductivity
Can conduct electricty or heat
Think: Conductor vs Insulator
Plasticity
Can be shaped/molded
Qualitative
Requires only observations and discriptors
Quantitative
Properties that can be measured
Physical CHANGES
The chemical makeup is not changed
Changes: -Usually-
- Size
- State (Water = Even as ice or solid, it is still H2O)
- Form (Ripping Paper = The paper has ripped, but it is still paper)
CHEMICAL Properties
What are the chemical properties? Provide a definition
- Observed when a chemical change occurs
- Describes how a substance interacts with another
Reacts/ability to… - Acids
- Water
- Heat
- Oxygen/Air
- Burn
Chemical CHANGES
What are chemical changes?
- Results in a new/-very- different susbstance
- Action cannot be reversed
Changes in the following - Colour
- Odour
- Absorption/release of heat
- Formation of a solid/gas (precipitate)
Ex: Burning Wood
Exothermic vs Endothermic
Exothermic: Releases Heat (feels HOT)
Endothermic: Absorbs heat (feels COLD)
Exo(think EXIT) // Endo(think ENTER)
2.2
Solute
The substance that dissolves within another
Sugar
Solvent
Substance that does the dissolving
Water
Concentrated vs Diluted
C: A solution with LOTS of solute compared to the solvent
D: A solution with LITTLE solute compared to the solvent
NOTE: They aren’t exact terms, but give a general idea
Think of how whisky is diluted with water because how strong whisky is alone. In this case, whisky would be a solute within the water (solvent).
Saturation Point
What is a saturation point?
Point where no more solute can be dissolved.If anymore solute is added, the solvent/solution will resist/push back.
SATURATED Solution
What is a saturated solution?
A saturated solution is when no more solute can dissolve within the solvent.
Value = On Line
UNSATURATED Solution
What is an unsaturated solution?
A solution that completely dissolves leaving no remaining solute.
Value = Below Line
SUPERSATURATED Solution
What is a supersaturated solution?
A solution that contains more than it normally would be able to dissolve at a certain temperature (Needs HEAT)
- Has more solute that a saturated solution. Needs HEAT
Value = Above Line
Crystals form
Factors that Affect Solubility
What are the factors that affect solubility?
- Agitation: Stirring/shaking (increases dissolving rate)
- Temperature: A rize in temperature speeds up kinetic activity therefore increasing the dissolving rate
- Surface Area: Increasing surface area (wider) will increase dissolving rates
PMAST
What is the particle model of matter?
- All matter is made up of tiny particles
- The particles are always moving / vibrating
- All particles are attracted to eachother and have spaces between them
- As temperature INCREASES, kinetic energy increases (the particles get faster)
Kinetic Energy/Forces in the States of Matter
Which state of matter has the most/least kinetic energy? Forces? Why?
- Solids – LEAST Amount of Kinetic Energy // STRONG Forces
- Liquids – Moderate amount of Kinetic Energy // STRONG Forces
- Gases – Most amount of Kinetic Energy // NO Forces
Why? - Kinetic Energy increases as particles move faster. To move faster, more room is required. Solids have the LEAST amout of space between particles; therefore having the least amount of kinetic energy.
- In gases, it’s the opposite
- Liquids are in the middle
Concentration
Define concentration
Mass of solute dissolved per mL of solvent
Heterogenous
See all different parts of the mixure
Homogeneous
Looks like one substance
Suspension
Cloudy mixture in which droplets are suspended in another substance (oil+water)
Colloid
Cloudy mixture made up of tiny droplets; so small that they don’t seperate eaisily
Mechanical Mixture
Parts can be identified and disassembled
