Unit 9 Vocab Flashcards
Developmental Psychology
a psychology field that focuses on the human lifespan from conception to death. Focus on Nature and nurture, stages of growth, and stability and change.
Zygotes
a fertilized egg; it turns into an embryo after 2 weeks of rapid cell division
Embryo:
After 2 weeks, this is what comes after the Zygotes. Begins with zygotes and through the second month
Fetus
A developing human from 9 weeks after conception to birth
Teratogens
materials such as chemicals and viruses that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome:
when a pregnant mother drinks, can cause physical and cognitive abnormalities for their child.
Habituation
: Less response to a stimulus with more exposure to a stimulus
Maturation
Biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience
Jean Piaget:
believed that intelligence is met in goals while the development of a child. Meaning, they hit certain milestones in ages to understand things in a more cognitive way (a young girl saw the two water cups differently because the glass was taller, older girl viewed them as the same)
Schemas
Concept or framework that organizes and interprets info. An explanation for the world. (eg: all four-wheeled objects are cars)
Assimilation
Interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schema. Putting new ideas/experiences into our schemas. (eg; insisting the four-wheeled car is a car when it is in fact a truck, just because it has four wheels)
Accommodation
Adapting our schemas to incorporate and interpret new information presented
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
The spectrum of a child with Autism ranges from high to low functioning.
Stranger Anxiety
A fear of strangers in infants develops at around 8 months
Separation Anxiety:
A child’s generalized fear of being separated
Attachment
an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation
Harry and Margaret Harlow
realized touch was crucial to child development, studied monkeys and their attachment to the clothed wire monkey (wire mother vs cloth mother)
Critical Period
The optimal period shortly after birth when an organism’s exposure to stimuli/experiences produces proper development. Point where children start to make attachments. Before imprinting
Konrad Lorenz
Austrian zoologist who studied the behavior of birds and emphasized the importance of innate as opposed to learned behavior (birds imprinted on him and saw him as their mother, followed every command)
Imprinting
This happens with birds, the process where certain animals form attachments during the critical period
Mary Ainsworth
compared effects of maternal separation, devised patterns of attachment; “The Strange Situation”: observation of parent/child attachment
Temperament
Person’s characteristic reactivity and intensity. How much they react (Having high of this means more crying and screaming, and low of this meaning less crying and screaming)
Basic Trust
Sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy. This is formed during infancy by their experiences based on their caregivers
Self-concept
An understanding and evaluation of who we are
Self-concept
An understanding and evaluation of who we are
Diana Baumrind
emphasizes a child’s behavior is associated with parenting styles as they grow and interact with new people. Parenting styles have always been perceived to be a major factor in children’s development.
Diana Baumrind
emphasizes a child’s behavior is associated with parenting styles as they grow and interact with new people. Parenting styles have always been perceived to be a major factor in children’s development.
Gender
Biologically and social characteristics that people define as “male” or “female”
Carol Gilligan
a pioneer in the field of gender difference psychology, which argues that different sexes tend to think differently, mainily when it comes to moral issue, moral development
Gender Role
Set of expected behaviors for males or females
Gender Identity
Our sense of being male or female
Social Learning Theory
We learn through observation and imitation. This behavior is reinforced or punished
Gender Typing:
the acquisition of traditional male and female roles, based on our cultural influences
Transgender:
When an individual identifies as the opposite sex they were born as.
Adolescence:
The transition period from childhood to adulthood
Lawrence Kohlberg
arguably the most influential psychologist in the field of moral development, particularly in children. He posits that humans can fall into three different stages of morality: pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional morality.
Erik Erikson:
Sates that adolescence achieve identity by testing and integrating many social roles
Identity:
a sense of oneself
Social Identity:
The “we” aspect of our self-concept; meaning who am I characteristically?
Emerging Adulthood:
For some people, the bridge between adolescent dependence and adulthood. The period is from the late teens to mid-twenties
X and Y Chromosome:
The x chromosome is in both males and females. Girls have one, guys have two. When both parents give an X chromosome, produces a girl. The y chromosome is only for men. When the father and mother give this chromosome, produces a boy.
Testosterone:
Most important male sex hormone. Extra of this hormone in males causes penis development/growth in the fetus and the development of sexual characteristics during puberty
Puberty:
Period of sexual maturation, transitioning between childhood to adulthood in regards to reproductive organs. Period for girls.
Primary Sex Characteristic:
Reproductive organs and external genitalia such as the vagina, ovaries, penis, etc)
Secondary Sex Characteristics:
Non-Reproductive sexual characteristics eg: hips, body hair, breasts etc.)
Menarche:
a girl’s first period
Sexual Orientation:
The desired preference of sex an individual has. Gay, Straight, Lesbian, etc. NOT TO BE CONFUSED WITH TRANSGENDER.
Menopause Cross-sectional Study:
the study where people of different ages are compared to others in regards to the end of their menstrual cycle
Longitudinal Study:
Research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period of time
Social Clock:
The right time/culturally preferred timing to do social events like marriage or having kids
What age is the sensorimotor stage?
When a child (0-2) explores their world utlizing their 5 senses
Preoperational Stage
Children develop more developed speech, develop memory, and imagination, and can understand the past and future.
What is egocentrism and how does it affect a child’s perception of other people’s perspectives?
During the preoperational stage; child does not see any other pov than their own
Conservation
Logical thinking ability that allows a person to determine a certain quantity will remain the same despite the shape of the container shape or size. Developed by 7-11
Concrete Operational Stage
(7-11) able to utilize units such as cause, effect, size, and distance in solving problems (eg: can say the water is the same despite being in different cups)
Formal Operational Stage
Able to formulate hypothesis and systematically test them out to arrive at an answer to a problem (eg: math)
What type of thinking is developed in Formal Operational Stage?
Abstract thinking
What is self-awareness and when does it develop?
Self-awareness is the understanding of who you you are as an identity, and what your actions do to others. Develops between 15-18 months; infants can recognize they are seeing themselves in the mirror, not an image of another baby
What are the consequences of attachment that is disrupted by abusive or threatening situations?
Unable to form meaningful and affectionate bonds, eg: monkeys that were raised by wired monkey
as well as anxiety, depression, and substance abuse problems.
How is the brain affected by abuse or threatening situations
Neurological growth in brain declines
What are Diana Baumrind’s three parenting styles and what are the characteristics of each? Which is the most successful in raising well-adjusted, competent, successful children?
Authoritarian: “Because I said so”
Authoritative/Democratic: “This is why”, explains but enforces
Permissive: “You can do as you please”
Neglecting: nonexistent
What is maturation? What is it largely infused by?
The ability to reproduce, influenced by hormones
Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development: Precoventional Level
0-9; moral decisions are shaped by the standards of adults
Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development: Conventional Level
2nd stage: adolescence -> adulthood; influenced by social climate eg; I have to drink because if I don’t my friends will think less of me.
Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development: Postconventional Level
the individual moves beyond the perspective of his or her own society. Morality is defined in terms of abstract principles and values that apply to all situations and societies. Deeper principles shared by ideas/religions. Moral decisions are based through social contact and personal ethics
Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development: Postconventional Level
the individual moves beyond the perspective of his or her own society. Morality is defined in terms of abstract principles and values that apply to all situations and societies.
How does Haidt’s theory o moral reasoning differ from Kohlberg’s
Haidt: we make moral judgments based on cut feelings and instinct
Kohlberg: developing morality throughout different stages
How does a teen develop his or her identity
family, culture, gender expectation, experience, instinctive, school, media, and friends
What is role confusion?
state of uncertainty about a given social or group role, or gender role behavior in a male or female that is traditionally associated with the opposite sex
Primary and secondary sex characteristics?
Primary: reproductive organs (penis/vagina)
Secondary: sexual organs that do assist with reproduction (boobs)
What is menarche and when does it occur
girl’s first period, 11/12
What are two types of research studies that are frequently used in the field of development psychology?
cross-sectional study, longitudinal study
What do twin studies reveal the nature of romantic love
Twins did not fall for their other partner, meaning romantic love is based more on the bond formed between the pair, less on physical attraction
What are current trends in marriage demographics?
50%
What factors contribute to a successful marriage?
When there are more positives than negative interactions, they share the same belief ,values and interest
What factors contribute to a successful marriage?
When there are more positives than negative interactions, they share the same belief ,values and interest
What factors contribute to a successful marriage?
When there are more positives than negative interactions, they share the same belief ,values and interest
What is menopause
When a woman no longer has a period and cannot reproduce
What is crystallized intelligence
accumulated knowledge and verbal skill increase with age
What is fluid intelligence
speedy reasoning and abstract thinking decrease slowly to 75 and more rapidly thereafter
