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AP PSYCH > Unit 9 Vocab > Flashcards

Unit 9 Vocab Flashcards

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1
Q

Developmental Psychology

A

a psychology field that focuses on the human lifespan from conception to death. Focus on Nature and nurture, stages of growth, and stability and change.

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2
Q

Zygotes

A

a fertilized egg; it turns into an embryo after 2 weeks of rapid cell division

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3
Q

Embryo:

A

After 2 weeks, this is what comes after the Zygotes. Begins with zygotes and through the second month

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4
Q

Fetus

A

A developing human from 9 weeks after conception to birth

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5
Q

Teratogens

A

materials such as chemicals and viruses that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

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6
Q

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome:

A

when a pregnant mother drinks, can cause physical and cognitive abnormalities for their child.

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7
Q

Habituation

A

: Less response to a stimulus with more exposure to a stimulus

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8
Q

Maturation

A

Biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience

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9
Q

Jean Piaget:

A

believed that intelligence is met in goals while the development of a child. Meaning, they hit certain milestones in ages to understand things in a more cognitive way (a young girl saw the two water cups differently because the glass was taller, older girl viewed them as the same)

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10
Q

Schemas

A

Concept or framework that organizes and interprets info. An explanation for the world. (eg: all four-wheeled objects are cars)

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11
Q

Assimilation

A

Interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schema. Putting new ideas/experiences into our schemas. (eg; insisting the four-wheeled car is a car when it is in fact a truck, just because it has four wheels)

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12
Q

Accommodation

A

Adapting our schemas to incorporate and interpret new information presented

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13
Q

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

A

The spectrum of a child with Autism ranges from high to low functioning.

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14
Q

Stranger Anxiety

A

A fear of strangers in infants develops at around 8 months

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15
Q

Separation Anxiety:

A

A child’s generalized fear of being separated

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16
Q

Attachment

A

an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation

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17
Q

Harry and Margaret Harlow

A

realized touch was crucial to child development, studied monkeys and their attachment to the clothed wire monkey (wire mother vs cloth mother)

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18
Q

Critical Period

A

The optimal period shortly after birth when an organism’s exposure to stimuli/experiences produces proper development. Point where children start to make attachments. Before imprinting

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19
Q

Konrad Lorenz

A

Austrian zoologist who studied the behavior of birds and emphasized the importance of innate as opposed to learned behavior (birds imprinted on him and saw him as their mother, followed every command)

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20
Q

Imprinting

A

This happens with birds, the process where certain animals form attachments during the critical period

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21
Q

Mary Ainsworth

A

compared effects of maternal separation, devised patterns of attachment; “The Strange Situation”: observation of parent/child attachment

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22
Q

Temperament

A

Person’s characteristic reactivity and intensity. How much they react (Having high of this means more crying and screaming, and low of this meaning less crying and screaming)

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23
Q

Basic Trust

A

Sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy. This is formed during infancy by their experiences based on their caregivers

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24
Q

Self-concept

A

An understanding and evaluation of who we are

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24
Q

Self-concept

A

An understanding and evaluation of who we are

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25
Q

Diana Baumrind

A

emphasizes a child’s behavior is associated with parenting styles as they grow and interact with new people. Parenting styles have always been perceived to be a major factor in children’s development.

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26
Q

Diana Baumrind

A

emphasizes a child’s behavior is associated with parenting styles as they grow and interact with new people. Parenting styles have always been perceived to be a major factor in children’s development.

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27
Q

Gender

A

Biologically and social characteristics that people define as “male” or “female”

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28
Q

Carol Gilligan

A

a pioneer in the field of gender difference psychology, which argues that different sexes tend to think differently, mainily when it comes to moral issue, moral development

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29
Q

Gender Role

A

Set of expected behaviors for males or females

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30
Q

Gender Identity

A

Our sense of being male or female

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31
Q

Social Learning Theory

A

We learn through observation and imitation. This behavior is reinforced or punished

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32
Q

Gender Typing:

A

the acquisition of traditional male and female roles, based on our cultural influences

33
Q

Transgender:

A

When an individual identifies as the opposite sex they were born as.

34
Q

Adolescence:

A

The transition period from childhood to adulthood

35
Q

Lawrence Kohlberg

A

arguably the most influential psychologist in the field of moral development, particularly in children. He posits that humans can fall into three different stages of morality: pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional morality.

36
Q

Erik Erikson:

A

Sates that adolescence achieve identity by testing and integrating many social roles

37
Q

Identity:

A

a sense of oneself

38
Q

Social Identity:

A

The “we” aspect of our self-concept; meaning who am I characteristically?

39
Q

Emerging Adulthood:

A

For some people, the bridge between adolescent dependence and adulthood. The period is from the late teens to mid-twenties

40
Q

X and Y Chromosome:

A

The x chromosome is in both males and females. Girls have one, guys have two. When both parents give an X chromosome, produces a girl. The y chromosome is only for men. When the father and mother give this chromosome, produces a boy.

41
Q

Testosterone:

A

Most important male sex hormone. Extra of this hormone in males causes penis development/growth in the fetus and the development of sexual characteristics during puberty

42
Q

Puberty:

A

Period of sexual maturation, transitioning between childhood to adulthood in regards to reproductive organs. Period for girls.

43
Q

Primary Sex Characteristic:

A

Reproductive organs and external genitalia such as the vagina, ovaries, penis, etc)

44
Q

Secondary Sex Characteristics:

A

Non-Reproductive sexual characteristics eg: hips, body hair, breasts etc.)

45
Q

Menarche:

A

a girl’s first period

46
Q

Sexual Orientation:

A

The desired preference of sex an individual has. Gay, Straight, Lesbian, etc. NOT TO BE CONFUSED WITH TRANSGENDER.

47
Q

Menopause Cross-sectional Study:

A

the study where people of different ages are compared to others in regards to the end of their menstrual cycle

48
Q

Longitudinal Study:

A

Research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period of time

49
Q

Social Clock:

A

The right time/culturally preferred timing to do social events like marriage or having kids

50
Q

What age is the sensorimotor stage?

A

When a child (0-2) explores their world utlizing their 5 senses

51
Q

Preoperational Stage

A

Children develop more developed speech, develop memory, and imagination, and can understand the past and future.

52
Q

What is egocentrism and how does it affect a child’s perception of other people’s perspectives?

A

During the preoperational stage; child does not see any other pov than their own

53
Q

Conservation

A

Logical thinking ability that allows a person to determine a certain quantity will remain the same despite the shape of the container shape or size. Developed by 7-11

54
Q

Concrete Operational Stage

A

(7-11) able to utilize units such as cause, effect, size, and distance in solving problems (eg: can say the water is the same despite being in different cups)

55
Q

Formal Operational Stage

A

Able to formulate hypothesis and systematically test them out to arrive at an answer to a problem (eg: math)

56
Q

What type of thinking is developed in Formal Operational Stage?

A

Abstract thinking

57
Q

What is self-awareness and when does it develop?

A

Self-awareness is the understanding of who you you are as an identity, and what your actions do to others. Develops between 15-18 months; infants can recognize they are seeing themselves in the mirror, not an image of another baby

58
Q

What are the consequences of attachment that is disrupted by abusive or threatening situations?

A

Unable to form meaningful and affectionate bonds, eg: monkeys that were raised by wired monkey
as well as anxiety, depression, and substance abuse problems.

59
Q

How is the brain affected by abuse or threatening situations

A

Neurological growth in brain declines

60
Q

What are Diana Baumrind’s three parenting styles and what are the characteristics of each? Which is the most successful in raising well-adjusted, competent, successful children?

A

Authoritarian: “Because I said so”
Authoritative/Democratic: “This is why”, explains but enforces
Permissive: “You can do as you please”
Neglecting: nonexistent

61
Q

What is maturation? What is it largely infused by?

A

The ability to reproduce, influenced by hormones

62
Q

Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development: Precoventional Level

A

0-9; moral decisions are shaped by the standards of adults

63
Q

Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development: Conventional Level

A

2nd stage: adolescence -> adulthood; influenced by social climate eg; I have to drink because if I don’t my friends will think less of me.

64
Q

Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development: Postconventional Level

A

the individual moves beyond the perspective of his or her own society. Morality is defined in terms of abstract principles and values that apply to all situations and societies. Deeper principles shared by ideas/religions. Moral decisions are based through social contact and personal ethics

64
Q

Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development: Postconventional Level

A

the individual moves beyond the perspective of his or her own society. Morality is defined in terms of abstract principles and values that apply to all situations and societies.

65
Q

How does Haidt’s theory o moral reasoning differ from Kohlberg’s

A

Haidt: we make moral judgments based on cut feelings and instinct
Kohlberg: developing morality throughout different stages

66
Q

How does a teen develop his or her identity

A

family, culture, gender expectation, experience, instinctive, school, media, and friends

67
Q

What is role confusion?

A

state of uncertainty about a given social or group role, or gender role behavior in a male or female that is traditionally associated with the opposite sex

68
Q

Primary and secondary sex characteristics?

A

Primary: reproductive organs (penis/vagina)
Secondary: sexual organs that do assist with reproduction (boobs)

69
Q

What is menarche and when does it occur

A

girl’s first period, 11/12

70
Q

What are two types of research studies that are frequently used in the field of development psychology?

A

cross-sectional study, longitudinal study

71
Q

What do twin studies reveal the nature of romantic love

A

Twins did not fall for their other partner, meaning romantic love is based more on the bond formed between the pair, less on physical attraction

72
Q

What are current trends in marriage demographics?

A

50%

73
Q

What factors contribute to a successful marriage?

A

When there are more positives than negative interactions, they share the same belief ,values and interest

73
Q

What factors contribute to a successful marriage?

A

When there are more positives than negative interactions, they share the same belief ,values and interest

74
Q

What factors contribute to a successful marriage?

A

When there are more positives than negative interactions, they share the same belief ,values and interest

75
Q

What is menopause

A

When a woman no longer has a period and cannot reproduce

76
Q

What is crystallized intelligence

A

accumulated knowledge and verbal skill increase with age

77
Q

What is fluid intelligence

A

speedy reasoning and abstract thinking decrease slowly to 75 and more rapidly thereafter

AP PSYCH (6 decks)

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