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AP PSYCH > AP Psych Unit 3 > Flashcards

AP Psych Unit 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Be able to label all of the parts of a neuron and explain the functions of each

A

(refer to page)

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2
Q

What part of the nerve cell is implicated in the disease MS?

A

The myelin sneaths surrounding the axon of neurons in the central nervous system

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3
Q

What are nerves

A

Bundled axons that form neutral “cables” that connect with the CNS to the rest of the body

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4
Q

Explain how nerve cells transmit information within the cell

A

Dendrite -> Cell Body -> Nucleus -> Axon -? Myelin Sheath -> node of Ranvier -> Schwann cell -> axon terminal (Dog Can Not Attack Men, Noticeable, So, Annoying!)

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5
Q

What is the term for the cell’s resting state?

A

resting potential

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6
Q

What is threshold

A

The level of stimulation required to cause a neuronal impulse is met by chemical signals from nearby neurons

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7
Q

Explain Action Potential in general terms

A

When charged ions produce an electric charge and past the resting state

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8
Q

How is neutral transmission all or none responses?

A

Resting potential, when your cell receives a strong enough impulsive, your cell goes from resting potential to action potential

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9
Q

Explain how nerve cells transmit information between cells

A

through neurotransmitters

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10
Q

What is the synapse

A

The bond between the axon tip of the sending neurons and the dendrite/cell body of the receiving neurons

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11
Q

what is the role of neurotransmitters?

A

chemical messengers that move across the synaptic gaps between neurons

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12
Q

what happens to neurotransmitters after they are finished doing their jobs

A

broken down by an enzyme, and reabsorbed into the neuron and released

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13
Q

Know the functions of the following neurotransmitters and be able to identify diseases associated with deficits or excess of each:
1. Acteylcholine

A

muscle control, memory formation, sensory response, excitatory
diseases: imbalance can cause twitching and paralysis

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14
Q

Know the functions of the following neurotransmitters and be able to identify diseases associated with deficits or excess of each:
2. Endorphines

A

pain/stress hormones, when produced helps relieve pain, reduce stress, and improve mood
disease: autism, depression, depersonalization

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15
Q

Know the functions of the following neurotransmitters and be able to identify diseases associated with deficits or excess of each:
3. Epinephrine

A

Neurotransmitters -> helps neurons to communicate with each other
disease: sleep orders, anxiety, hypertension, lower immunity

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16
Q

Know the functions of the following neurotransmitters and be able to identify diseases associated with deficits or excess of each:
4. Serotonin

A

Neurotransmitters -> produced in CNS -> contributes to happiness
diseases: sadness, depression, fatigue

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17
Q

Know the functions of the following neurotransmitters and be able to identify diseases associated with deficits or excess of each:
5. Dopamine

A

Neurotransmitters made in brain -> memory, movement and motivation, mood, attention etc
not enough: Parkinson’s diseases, depression, schizophrenia, and ADHD

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18
Q

How do drugs affect neurotransmission? What parts of the brain contribute to our craving for drugs

A

Drugs release large amounts of dopamine, the brain remembers this pressure and sends messages to seek drugs over and over. Dopamine reinforces drug use and causes us to crave more
The basal ganglia

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19
Q

What do the following types of neurons do and where in the nervous system do they occur?
1. Motor Neurons

A

(efferent neurons) carries nerve impulses away from the CNS. Effector: (muscle/glands)

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20
Q

What do the following types of neurons do and where in the nervous system do they occur?
2. Sensory neurons

A

(Afferent neurons_ carries nerve impulses from receptors, senses organs towards the nerve system

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21
Q

What do the following types of neurons do and where in the nervous system do they occur?
3. Interneurons

A

“ones in between” forms a connection between other neurons, and mostly found in the brain and spinal cords

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22
Q

What are the two major divisions of the nervous system?

A

PNS- Peripheral nervous system
CNS- Central Nervous System

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23
Q

In the Peripheral Nervous System, what is the somatic NS responsible for? What is the atomic NS responsible for?

A

S: control of skeletal muscles
A: automatically controls the glands and muscles in our internal organs

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24
Q

What physiological changes occur in the body during a stress response?

A

Sympathetic NS -> triggers fight or flight response

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25
Q

Explain the function of the sympathetic and parasympathetic NS and explain how they are complementary

A

Sympathetic NS- Arousal and triggers the fight or flight response
Parasympathetic NS- relaxes your body after periods of stress or dangerous -> homeostasis

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26
Q

What are reflexes and where are they located?

A

Simple, automatic, and both response to a sensory stimulus
-> made possible via reflect arcs

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27
Q

What are neural networks and how do they form?

A

neutral networks- groups of interconnected neurons. As learning takes place connections are strengthened or inhibited. Networks are connected

28
Q

What are hormones?

A

Chemical messengers produced in the glandular tissue which effect other tissues

29
Q

What is the master gland and what does it do?

A

Pituitary, and it produces growth hormones, sex hormones and oxytocin and prolactin

30
Q

What is the role of the adrenal glands?

A

creates cortical steroids for muscle development and stress control
-> produces adrenalin and noradrenalin for stress response

31
Q

What is a brain lesion

A

type of damage to any part of the brain, specifically at the brain tissue

31
Q

What is a brain lesion

A

type of damage to any part of the brain, specifically at the brain tissue

32
Q

What was Phineas Gage and how did his accident affect him?

A

Was a railroad construction worker who survived a large iron rod through his head. changed his personality completely

33
Q

What are the different imaging techniques for the study of the brain?

A
  • CT Scan: computer tomography scan
  • MRI: Magnetic Resonance Imaging
  • Functional MRI: additional to MRI imagining -> reveals blood flow and activity
34
Q

In what order did the brain develop?

A
35
Q

Know the divisions of the brain and the structures located within each. What are the functions of each of those structures?
- Brains Stem the midbrain
Cerebellum

A

“little brain”
- processes sensory information and is important in voluntary movement and balance

36
Q

Know the divisions of the brain and the structures located within each. What are the functions of each of those structures?
- Medulla

A

controls the heart and breathing

37
Q

Know the divisions of the brain and the structures located within each. What are the functions of each of those structures?
- Reticular Formation

A

Network of nerves which are necessary for arousal

38
Q

Know the divisions of the brain and the structures located within each. What are the functions of each of those structures?
- Thalamus

A

Relay system that make information form the sensor and sends them to processing areas

39
Q

Know the divisions of the brain and the structures located within each. What are the functions of each of those structures?
Forebrain
- Hippocampus

A

the emotional center of the brain is associated with fear aggression, hunger and sex drive

40
Q

Know the divisions of the brain and the structures located within each. What are the functions of each of those structures?
- Hypothalamus

A

located below the thalamus
-> associated with hunger, thirst, temperature, regulation and controls pituitary glands associated with rewards

41
Q

Know the divisions of the brain and the structures located within each. What are the functions of each of those structures?
Amygdala

A

two lima bean-> shaped clustered
- associated with aggression and fear

42
Q

Know the divisions of the brain and the structures located within each. What are the functions of each of those structures?
Cerebral Cortex
- Association Areas

A

Area of the cerebra; cortex that functions in linking and coordinating the sensory and motor area

43
Q

Know the divisions of the brain and the structures located within each. What are the functions of each of those structures?
Motor Cortex

A

The area within the cerebral cortex of the brain that is involved in planning, controlling, and execution of voluntary movement. Divide into primary motor contex

44
Q

Know the divisions of the brain and the structures located within each. What are the functions of each of those structures?
Somatosensory Cortex

A

the site that register touch, pressure, temperature and pain in the cerebral cortex

45
Q

Broca’s Area

A

responsible for speech production and language comprehension

46
Q

Wernicke’s Area

A

known as the “language area”- responsible for comprehending
spoken words as well as formulation written/spoken languages

47
Q

What are the 4 lobes of the brain and what information is processed in each?

A

Frontal: Located at the front portion of the lobe: carries thinking, decision-making, and planning
Temporal: processes auditory sensory input and is located at the primary auditory cortex
Parietal: located at the top of the brain, receives sensory input for movement and touch
Occipital: receives information from visual field (eyes)

48
Q

What connects the two hemispheres of the brain?

A

The corpus callosum

49
Q

What effects does a split-brain procedure have on a person’s ability to process information? What condition does this procedure treat? Consider hemispheric specialization as your answer.

A

the 2 hemisphere do not exchange information as efficiently as before condition for parents with extreme and uncontrollable form form epilepsy

50
Q

What characteristics of the brain allows for brain-damaged individuals to recover some of their function

A

Functional plasticity

51
Q

Understand all the different components of our genetic instructions
Genes

A

Segments of DNA modules that code physical features

51
Q

Understand all the different components of our genetic instructions
Genes

A

Segments of DNA modules that code physical features

52
Q

Understand all the different components of our genetic instructions
DNA

A

Complex molecule containing genetic info and make up and the chromosomes

53
Q

Understand all the different components of our genetic instructions
Chromosomes

A

Thread link structure made of DNA molecules that contain the genes

54
Q

What is the difference between evolutionary psychologists and behavior geneticists? What does each study

A

Evolutionary psychologists: study how our behavior and cognitive change according to the evolutionary biology

55
Q

What is heritability

A

A measure of how well differences in people gene account for difference in their traits
eg; height, eye color etc

56
Q

What are twin studies and how do they allow us to examine the roles of genetics in things like personality traits and belief

A

twins studies- allows researchers to examine the overall role of genes in the development of traits or disorders

57
Q

What are some of the key findings of twins studies the Minnesota Twin Study?

A

Were separated and had the same chance of being similar to twins who were raised together. Concluded that genetic factors have a large influences on behavioral habits

58
Q

Are all similarities between twins due to genetic factors? Why or why not?

A
  • interest, food, etc, environments
  • IQ, intro/extroverted: biological
59
Q

What are nature-nurture interactions?

A

nature: influenced by genetic/biological factors
nurture: external factors after conception eg: life experiences, teach, etc

60
Q

How do women and men differ in regards to what they find attractive in a potential male?

A

Female: affection important for a sexual relationship
- little casual sex
0 thinks about sex less frequently
attracted to strong affluent men -> protect/provides

Men
- stronger sex drive
- thinks casual sex is okay
- thinks about sex frequently
- more visual
- “friendly interest” come up
- attracted to youthful/fertile women

61
Q

What are nature-nurture interactions?

A

nature: influenced by genetic/biological factors
nurture: external factors after conception eg: life experiences, teaching, etc

62
Q

To what do evolutionary psychologists attribute fears or phobias?

A

genetic predispositions.

63
Q

To what do evolutionary psychologists attribute fears or phobias?

A

genetic predispositions.

64
Q

What are the basic principles of natural selection?

A
  • adaptive traits are passed down from generation-> generation
    bc of these traits, help the organism survive and reproduce
65
Q

what are mutations and how do they contribute to natural selection?

A

random error in gene replication that leads to change

AP PSYCH (6 decks)

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