AP Psych Unit 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is hindsight bias? Give a real-world example

A

the tendency to believe that after learning the outcome, one would have foreseen it

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2
Q

Define overconfidence and give an example.

A

confidence in knowledge is greater than objective accuracy

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3
Q

What are the characteristics of critical thinking? How would we apply critical thinking to our analysis of psychological research?

A

Not accepting arguments or conclusions at face value. Develop an understanding of why/how ideas are presented. Lastly, be willing to change beliefs when proper evidence is presented.

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4
Q

What is the characteristic of the scientific attitude?

A

curiosity, skepticism, humility

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5
Q

What are the different steps of the scientific method?

A

Ask a question -> background research -> connect to hypothesis -> test with experiment -> analyze data -> results do/do not align with hypothesis -> communicate results

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6
Q

What are wording effects?

A

the way you present the question may alter the subjects answer

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7
Q

What is a population? A random sample? Why is it important that a sample is truly random?

A

meant to be an unbiased representation of a group.

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8
Q

What is a correlation? What does it allow researchers to do? What does it NOT allow researchers to

A

to see if a relationship between two or more variables exists, but the variables themselves are not under the control of the researchers. It cannot proven that changing one variable will change another

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9
Q

What are positive and negative correlations?

A

positive: values of variables rise and fall together
negative: value of one variable increases while the other decreases

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10
Q

What is the correlation coefficient (Pearson’s r)? Understand the various values.

A

r is a measure of any linear trend between two variables. The value of r ranges between −1 and 1. When r = zero, it means that there is no linear association between the variables.

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11
Q

What are illusory correlations?

A

a perceived nonexistent relationship

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12
Q

What is experimentation? What does it allow researchers to determine?

A

Only research method that can determine cause/effect

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13
Q

What are some of the disadvantages of this type of research? (experiment specifically, meaning what can go wrong in it)

A

Confounding variables: factors other than the IV that influence the DV can be avoided if you aren’t bad at planning.
Experimenter bias - expectations set by the experimenter that may influence the results of the interpretation of data

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14
Q

What is a double-blind study? Single-blind?

A

Double-blind study: the subjects and researchers are unaware of the treatment they receive. Single-blind is when only the issue is unaware

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15
Q

Explain the placebo effect.

A

when experimental groups are affected due to expectations, not an actual treatment

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16
Q

How do you create an experimental condition?

A
  1. Participants
  2. Variables- factors that can have different values
  3. Operational definitions- describes procedure used to determine presence of variable
  4. Independent Variable- what the experimenter is manipulating
  5. Dependent Variable- what is being affected by the independent variable
17
Q

What is the role of the random assignment of subjects?

A

enhances the validity of the study

18
Q

What is the role of controlled conditions?

A

a condition that does not involve exposure to the treatment or intervention under study.and prove factors are not specific to the experimental intervention

19
Q

What are the components of an experiment: Independent group and Dependent variables and Experimental and control groups

A

Independent variable: what the experimenter is manipulating
Dependent Variable: what is being affected by the independent variable
Experimental group: receives the treatment whose effect researchers Control:a control group does not

20
Q

Statistical Reasoning

A

the way people reason with statistical ideas and make sense of statistical information.

21
Q

Descriptive Statistics

A

summarizes data

22
Q

Define mean, median, and mode. Practice calculating from this data set (6,3,8,1,1,5,3,3,6,1,3,8).

A

mean: the average of the data set
Median: the midmost value of the data set
Mode: The most commonly recurring value of the data set

23
Q

What is the most meaningful measure of central tendency in a normal distribution?

A

median

24
Q

What is an outlier?

A

an extreme observation or measurement, that is, a score that significantly differs from all others obtained

25
Q

When is it more appropriate to rely on the median for the most accurate data on central

A

when your data set is skewed

26
Q

tendency

A

a likelihood of behaving in a certain way

27
Q

What is a normal distribution? What is a skewed distribution?

A

Normal distribution: a normal distribution of data
Skewed distribution: a distribution that is skewed due to outliers

28
Q

What is standard deviation and what two things does it tell us about our data?

A

measures the average distribution of numbers around the mean
Low standard deviation means data are clustered around the mean, and high standard deviation indicates data are more spread out

29
Q

What three principles allow us to determine if differences in data are reliable?

A

over time (test-retest reliability), across items (internal consistency), and across different researchers (inter-rater reliability).

30
Q

Possibility of making a “false positive” ( a difference does exist when there is none) and indicates that the results are statistically significant.

A

a p-value of 5% or lower

31
Q

What are the most important considerations for experimentation using human subjects?

A

informed consent is given, and debriefing

32
Q

What are the most important considerations for experimentation using animal subjects?

A

Follow all state/federal laws
Supervised by a psychologist who has appropriate training with animals
Minimize pain and discomfort
Use appropriate anesthesia and sterilization techniques
Kill animals quickly and painlessly (if necessary)

33
Q

Define and differentiate between hypothesis and theory.

A

A hypothesis is an assumption made before any research has been done. It is formed so that it can be tested to see if it might be true. A theory is a principle formed to explain the things already shown in data.

34
Q

What does replication entail? Why is it important?

A

When studies are replicated and achieve the same or similar results as the original study, it gives greater validity to the findings. If a researcher can replicate a study’s results, it means that it is more likely that those results can be generalized to the larger population.