Unit 9 The Crusades Flashcards
How did conditions in Europe begin to improve?
- European monarchs built strong central governments
- better farming led to larger crop yields
- towns and trade reappeared
- church held powerful sway over the emotions and energies of the people
When were the high Middle Ages?
1050-1270 CE
What were the crusades?
Holy war over the city of Jerusalem and Palestine, European Christians undertook nine series of military expedition
What did the word crusade come from
Crux meaning cross in Latin
Why were people called crusaders?
Because they vowed to “take up the cross”
Who took over Jerusalem in the late 1000s?
Seljuk Turks took over Arab Muslims
What other city did the Seljuk Turks threaten?
The Byzantine city of Constantinople
What happened in 1095 CE?
The pope asks the people for a volunteer army to take Jerusalem and Palestine back from the Seljuks
What was the result of the first crusade in 1097?
Crusaders swarmed the city and massacred most of its Muslim and Jewish inhabitants
What was the result k the second crusade in 1147?
King Louis VII of France and holy roman emperor Conrad III lead armies
- they constantly quarreled
- ineffective militarily
- easily defeated by Seljuks
What was the result of the third crusade in 1187?
Saladin United Muslim forces and captured Jerusalem
- Frederick Barbarossa, king Philip Augustus, and king Richard assembled warriors
- couldn’t compete with well trained and dedicated Muslim forces
Result of crusades that followed in the 1200s CE?
- none succeeded in winning permanent Christian control
- lost religious goal of crusades, more economic and political
Effects of the crusades
- end of feudalism
- increased authority of kings
- contact with Byzantine and Muslim civilization
- commerce increased
- learned how to build better ships, make more accurate maps, use magnetic compass, improve weaponry
What were some agricultural advances?
- new and heavier plow
- collar harness (replaced oxen with horses)
- three field system
What is a money economy?
An economy based on money
What did money changers do?
They determined the value of various currencies and exchanged one currency to another
What the word bank come from?
Banca, or bench
A money economy led to…
- banking
- end of the feudal system
- Kings, clergy, and nobles depended on $ to pay their expenses so they raised taxes, sold their lands, or demanded money
- serfs became able to buy their own freedom
What is a guild?
Business associations
What is the function of guilds?
To maintain a monopoly of the local market for its members
What is a master?
An artisan who owned their own shops and fools and employed less skilled artisans as helpers
What is an apprentice
Person who worked for master without pay
What are journeymen?
An apprentice became a journeyman and received pay. Journeymen could only work under a master
What was the middle class known as?
Burgesses
What did the middle class include?
Merchants, bankers, and artisans
There was an increased emphasis on learning in what aspects?
- universities
- scholasticism
- Thomas aquinas
What were universities?
- guild of scholars organized for learning
- classes held in rented rooms, churches, or outdoors
- classes met regularly
What was scholasticism?
- application of aristotle’s philosophy to theological questions
- a system of thought
Who was Thomas aquinas?
- most important scholastic thinker
- Catholic Church accepted and promoted aquina’s way of thinking
- thought reason was god’s gift
Why does vernacular mean?
-language of everyday speech
Medieval literature was written in the…
Vernacular
Churches before medieval times were like…
- Romanesque
- roman and Byzantine structures
- thick walls
- columns close together
- heavy curved arches
- small windows
What is gothic architecture like?
- flying buttresses
- thinner walls
- stained glass windows
- ceiling supported by pointed arches
- higher ceilings
- more open interiors
What was life in the Middle Ages characterized by?
- decentralized government
- warfare
- cultural isolation
- wretched living conditions
- bad trade
- inefficient agricultural production
