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Global > Unit 9 The Crusades > Flashcards

Unit 9 The Crusades Flashcards

1
Q

How did conditions in Europe begin to improve?

A
  • European monarchs built strong central governments
  • better farming led to larger crop yields
  • towns and trade reappeared
  • church held powerful sway over the emotions and energies of the people
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2
Q

When were the high Middle Ages?

A

1050-1270 CE

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3
Q

What were the crusades?

A

Holy war over the city of Jerusalem and Palestine, European Christians undertook nine series of military expedition

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4
Q

What did the word crusade come from

A

Crux meaning cross in Latin

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5
Q

Why were people called crusaders?

A

Because they vowed to “take up the cross”

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6
Q

Who took over Jerusalem in the late 1000s?

A

Seljuk Turks took over Arab Muslims

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7
Q

What other city did the Seljuk Turks threaten?

A

The Byzantine city of Constantinople

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8
Q

What happened in 1095 CE?

A

The pope asks the people for a volunteer army to take Jerusalem and Palestine back from the Seljuks

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9
Q

What was the result of the first crusade in 1097?

A

Crusaders swarmed the city and massacred most of its Muslim and Jewish inhabitants

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10
Q

What was the result k the second crusade in 1147?

A

King Louis VII of France and holy roman emperor Conrad III lead armies

  • they constantly quarreled
  • ineffective militarily
  • easily defeated by Seljuks
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11
Q

What was the result of the third crusade in 1187?

A

Saladin United Muslim forces and captured Jerusalem

  • Frederick Barbarossa, king Philip Augustus, and king Richard assembled warriors
  • couldn’t compete with well trained and dedicated Muslim forces
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12
Q

Result of crusades that followed in the 1200s CE?

A
  • none succeeded in winning permanent Christian control

- lost religious goal of crusades, more economic and political

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13
Q

Effects of the crusades

A
  • end of feudalism
  • increased authority of kings
  • contact with Byzantine and Muslim civilization
  • commerce increased
  • learned how to build better ships, make more accurate maps, use magnetic compass, improve weaponry
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14
Q

What were some agricultural advances?

A
  • new and heavier plow
  • collar harness (replaced oxen with horses)
  • three field system
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15
Q

What is a money economy?

A

An economy based on money

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16
Q

What did money changers do?

A

They determined the value of various currencies and exchanged one currency to another

17
Q

What the word bank come from?

A

Banca, or bench

18
Q

A money economy led to…

A
  • banking
  • end of the feudal system
    • Kings, clergy, and nobles depended on $ to pay their expenses so they raised taxes, sold their lands, or demanded money
    • serfs became able to buy their own freedom
19
Q

What is a guild?

A

Business associations

20
Q

What is the function of guilds?

A

To maintain a monopoly of the local market for its members

21
Q

What is a master?

A

An artisan who owned their own shops and fools and employed less skilled artisans as helpers

22
Q

What is an apprentice

A

Person who worked for master without pay

23
Q

What are journeymen?

A

An apprentice became a journeyman and received pay. Journeymen could only work under a master

24
Q

What was the middle class known as?

A

Burgesses

25
Q

What did the middle class include?

A

Merchants, bankers, and artisans

26
Q

There was an increased emphasis on learning in what aspects?

A
  • universities
  • scholasticism
  • Thomas aquinas
27
Q

What were universities?

A
  • guild of scholars organized for learning
  • classes held in rented rooms, churches, or outdoors
  • classes met regularly
28
Q

What was scholasticism?

A
  • application of aristotle’s philosophy to theological questions
  • a system of thought
29
Q

Who was Thomas aquinas?

A
  • most important scholastic thinker
  • Catholic Church accepted and promoted aquina’s way of thinking
  • thought reason was god’s gift
30
Q

Why does vernacular mean?

A

-language of everyday speech

31
Q

Medieval literature was written in the…

A

Vernacular

32
Q

Churches before medieval times were like…

A
  • Romanesque
  • roman and Byzantine structures
  • thick walls
  • columns close together
  • heavy curved arches
  • small windows
33
Q

What is gothic architecture like?

A
  • flying buttresses
  • thinner walls
  • stained glass windows
  • ceiling supported by pointed arches
  • higher ceilings
  • more open interiors
34
Q

What was life in the Middle Ages characterized by?

A
  • decentralized government
  • warfare
  • cultural isolation
  • wretched living conditions
  • bad trade
  • inefficient agricultural production

Global (7 decks)

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