unit 9 test

Question 1

normative social influence

Answer 1

influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval

Question 2

modeling

Answer 2

the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

Question 3

diffusion of responsibility

Answer 3

sociopsychological phenomenon whereby a person is less likely to take responsibility for action or inaction when other bystanders or witnesses are present

Question 4

self-fulfilling prophecy

Answer 4

a belief that leads to its own fulfillment; an expectation or belief that can influence your behaviors, thus causing the belief to come true

Question 5

social loafing

Answer 5

the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable

Question 6

halo effect

Answer 6

The halo effect is the tendency for positive impressions of a person, company, country, brand, or product in one area to positively influence one’s opinion or feelings. Halo effect is ”the name given to the phenomenon whereby evaluators tend to be influenced by their previous judgments of performance or personality

Question 7

mere-exposure effect

Answer 7

the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them

Question 8

peripheral route

Answer 8

occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker’s attractiveness

Question 9

compliance

Answer 9

Compliance is a response—specifically, a submission—made in reaction to a request. The request may be explicit or implicit. The target may or may not recognize that they are being urged to act in a particular way

Question 10

stereotyping

Answer 10

a fixed, oversimplified, and often biased belief about a group of people

Question 11

foot in the door

Answer 11

Foot-in-the-door technique is a compliance tactic that aims at getting a person to agree to a large request by having them agree to a modest request first; the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request

Question 12

framing

Answer 12

the way an issue is posed; how an issue is worded can significantly affect decisions and judgments

Question 13

self-serving bias

Answer 13

a readiness to perceive oneself favorably; the tendency to attribute our successes to internal, personal factors, and our failures to external, situational factors

Question 14

bystander effect

Answer 14

the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present

Question 15

door in the face

Answer 15

convince the respondent to comply by making a large request that the respondent will most likely turn down in order to get the person to subsequently agree to a smaller request

Question 16

cognitive dissonance

Answer 16

the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent. For example, when we become aware that our attitudes and our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes

Question 17

informational social influence

Answer 17

influence resulting from one’s willingness to accept others’ opinions about reality; where a person conforms to gain knowledge, or because they believe that someone else is ‘right’

Question 18

scapegoat effect

Answer 18

the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame

Question 19

attribution effect

Answer 19

the theory that we explain someone’s behavior by crediting either the situation or the person’s disposition

Question 20

groupthink

Answer 20

the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives

Question 21

altruism

Answer 21

unselfish regard for the welfare of others

Question 22

deindividuation

Answer 22

the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity

Question 23

example of Solomon Asch’s experiment on how group’s think/influence

Answer 23

known for his conformity experiments. His main finding was that peer pressure can change opinion and even perception. Asch found the majority of the participants succumbed at least once to the pressure and went with the majority. Grouped with confederates

Question 24

fundamental attribution error

Answer 24

the tendency for observers, when analyzing others’ behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition; make assumptions

Question 25

without hurting/shocking show how Stanley milligrams experiment worked

Answer 25

examined people’s willingness to obey authority. Participants in the study were instructed to administer electric shocks to a learner, even when that obedience caused harm to the learner

Question 26

group polarization

Answer 26

the idea that groups tend to make decisions that are more extreme compared to the original thoughts of individual group members; the enhancement of a group’s prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group

Question 27

just world hypothesis

Answer 27

the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get

Question 28

consummate love

Answer 28

the complete form of love, representing the ideal relationship toward which many people strive but which apparently few achieve

Question 29

internal attribution

Answer 29

tendency to assign responsibility for others’ behaviors due to their inherent characteristics, such as their motives, beliefs or personality, rather than the external influences, such as the individual’s environment or culture

Question 30

reciprocity norm

Answer 30

an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them

Question 31

conformity