unit 9 test Flashcards
normative social influence
influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval
modeling
the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior
diffusion of responsibility
sociopsychological phenomenon whereby a person is less likely to take responsibility for action or inaction when other bystanders or witnesses are present
self-fulfilling prophecy
a belief that leads to its own fulfillment; an expectation or belief that can influence your behaviors, thus causing the belief to come true
social loafing
the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable
halo effect
The halo effect is the tendency for positive impressions of a person, company, country, brand, or product in one area to positively influence one’s opinion or feelings. Halo effect is ”the name given to the phenomenon whereby evaluators tend to be influenced by their previous judgments of performance or personality
mere-exposure effect
the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them
peripheral route
occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker’s attractiveness
compliance
Compliance is a response—specifically, a submission—made in reaction to a request. The request may be explicit or implicit. The target may or may not recognize that they are being urged to act in a particular way
stereotyping
a fixed, oversimplified, and often biased belief about a group of people
foot in the door
Foot-in-the-door technique is a compliance tactic that aims at getting a person to agree to a large request by having them agree to a modest request first; the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request
framing
the way an issue is posed; how an issue is worded can significantly affect decisions and judgments
self-serving bias
a readiness to perceive oneself favorably; the tendency to attribute our successes to internal, personal factors, and our failures to external, situational factors
bystander effect
the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present
door in the face
convince the respondent to comply by making a large request that the respondent will most likely turn down in order to get the person to subsequently agree to a smaller request
cognitive dissonance
the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent. For example, when we become aware that our attitudes and our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes
informational social influence
influence resulting from one’s willingness to accept others’ opinions about reality; where a person conforms to gain knowledge, or because they believe that someone else is ‘right’
scapegoat effect
the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame
attribution effect
the theory that we explain someone’s behavior by crediting either the situation or the person’s disposition
groupthink
the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives
altruism
unselfish regard for the welfare of others
deindividuation
the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity
example of Solomon Asch’s experiment on how group’s think/influence
known for his conformity experiments. His main finding was that peer pressure can change opinion and even perception. Asch found the majority of the participants succumbed at least once to the pressure and went with the majority. Grouped with confederates
fundamental attribution error
the tendency for observers, when analyzing others’ behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition; make assumptions
