unit 6 test

Question 1

Authoritative Parenting Style

Answer 1

establishes clear limits and provides explanations for consequences; open communication and collaborative but parent makes ultimate decision

Question 2

Unconditioned Stimulus

Answer 2

something that elicits a natural reflexive response

Question 3

Nature v Nurture

Answer 3

Nature versus nurture is a long-standing debate in biology and society about the relative influence on human beings of their genetic inheritance and the environmental conditions of their development

Question 4

Conservation

Answer 4

the principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects

Question 5

Neglectful Parenting Style

Answer 5

uninvolved in their children’s lives, low levels of responsiveness/
warmth/love, see their lives as more important than kids

Question 6

The Babinski Effect

Answer 6

stimulation of the lateral plantar aspect of the foot leads to extension (dorsiflexion or upward movement) of the big toe (hallux)

Question 7

Integrity v Despair Erickson Stage

Answer 7

older adult 65+, people reflect back on the life they have lived and come away with either a sense of fulfillment from a life well lived or a sense of regret and despair over a life misspent

Question 8

Identity v Role Confusion Erikson Stage

Answer 8

adolescent 12-18; peer relationships and “who am I” is important, devotion and fidelity are determined, failure leads to role confusion and low self esteem/worth

Question 9

What does genetics say about twins when it comes to intelligence and sexuality?

Answer 9

most genetic influence on intelligence is additive and sexuality can differ

Question 10

Intimacy v Isolation Erikson stage

Answer 10

young adult 19-40; deep meaningful relationships and love/affection are important, not getting it leads to loneliness and isolation

Question 11

similarity

Answer 11

Getalt principle of organization holding that (other things being equal) parts of a stimulus field that are similar to each other tend to be perceived as belonging together as a unit

Question 12

industry v inferiority erikson stage

Answer 12

school ager 6-12; feeling competent in school and other activities is important, failure leads to inferiority and feeling dumb/stupid

Question 13

cocktail party effect

Answer 13

demonstrates the system’s ability to monitor the social environment for self-relevant cues in a nonconscious manner

Question 14

jean piaget formal operational stage

Answer 14

in Piaget’s theory, the stage of cognitive development (12+) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts

Question 15

ebbinghaus forgetting curve

Answer 15

shows how fast we forget new information we learn; lots of smaller periods of learning over time is more effective

Question 16

zone of proximal development

Answer 16

Lev Vygotsky’s theory of learning and development; the space between what a learner can do without assistance and what a learner can do with adult guidance or in collaboration with more capable peers

Question 17

sensorimotor

Answer 17

in Piaget’s theory, the stage (0-2) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities

Question 18

secondary reinforcers

Answer 18

a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as a conditioned reinforcer

Question 19

Konrad Lorenz

Answer 19

one of the founding fathers of the field of ethology, the study of animal behavior. He is best known for his research of the principle of attachment, or imprinting

Question 20

why use random assignment

Answer 20

When using random assignment, neither the researcher nor the participant can choose the group to which the participant is assigned. The benefit of using random assignment is that it “evens the playing field.” This means that the groups will differ only in the program or treatment to which they are assigned

Question 21

what problem does carol gilligan have with Kohlberg’s theories

Answer 21

Kohlberg’s theory does not accurately address gender differences and the caring perspective of women

Question 22

mode

Answer 22

the most frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution

Question 23

rooting

Answer 23

The rooting reflex is an innate response of the head due to the stimulation of the face, mouth, or cheek by touching/stroking

Question 24

object permanence

Answer 24

the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived

Question 25

postconventional stage (Kohlberg)

Answer 25

the final stage of Kohlberg’s model of moral reasoning, in which an individual makes choices based on their own personal beliefs

Question 26

authoritarian parent style

Answer 26

demand obedience and controls child’s behavior through punishment; little communication and love/warmth

Question 27

what age groups have poor gross motor skills

Answer 27

0-3

Question 28

egocentrism

Answer 28

in Piaget’s theory, the preoperational child’s difficulty taking another’s point of view

Question 29

how to describe Kohlberg’s theory of moral reasoning

Answer 29

focuses on the thinking process that occurs when one decides whether a behaviour is right or wrong

Question 30

what are examples of gender role development when it comes to chores

Answer 30

Chores that are routine – cooking and cleaning, for instance – tend to fall to women, while intermittent chores, such as sorting out finances or mowing the lawn, are more likely to be done by men

Question 31

limbic system’s main responsibilities

Answer 31

to process and regulate emotion and memory while also dealing with sexual stimulation and learning; Behavior, motivation, long-term memory, and our sense of smell

Question 32

harry harlow’s experiments showed…

Answer 32

research demonstrated the importance of love and affection, specifically contact comfort, for healthy childhood development

Question 33

examples of primary sex characteristics

Answer 33

the body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible

Question 34

fetal alcohol syndrome

Answer 34

physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman’s heavy drinking. In severe cases, signs include a small, out-of-proportion head and abnormal facial features

Question 35

Mary Ainsworth - how secure infants react

Answer 35

demonstrated by infants who comfortably explore environments in the presence of their caregiver, show only temporary distress when the caregiver leaves, and find comfort in the caregiver’s return

Question 36

in Piaget’s stage what cognitive milestones occur last

Answer 36

formal operational stage; abstract thinking/reasoning, planning/strategy

Question 37

what does Mary Ainsworth strange situations look at

Answer 37

researcher observes a child’s reactions when a mother briefly leaves the child alone in an unfamiliar room; attachment of children to mother

Question 38

what assumptions are made by Erik erikson’s theory of development

Answer 38

the development of personality depended directly on the resolution of existential crises

Question 39

in how people react, how are genders most different

Answer 39

women are more likely to be nurturing/calm and cry in certain situations where men are aggressive/impulsive and more sensitive to the fight or flight response

Question 40

once an older adult what occurs to one’s hormones

Answer 40

produced and broken down more slowly; less produced too

Question 41

androgyny

Answer 41

displaying both traditional masculine and feminine psychological characteristics

Question 42

insecure attachment (Mary Ainsworth)

Answer 42

demonstrated by infants who display either a clinging, anxious attachment or an avoidant attachment that resists closeness

Question 43

occipital lobe

Answer 43

the portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head; includes areas that receive information from the visual fields

Question 44

preoperational stage (jean Piaget)