Unit 5 Test Flashcards
hindsight bias
the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it. (Also known as the I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon.)
proactive interference
the forward-acting disruptive effect of older learning on the recall of new information
what does a score of 100 mean on an IQ test
it is an average iq score
functional fixedness
a cognitive bias that limits a person’s ability to use an object in more ways than it is traditionally used and affects an individual’s ability to innovate and be creative when solving challenges
recency effect
a cognitive bias in which those items, ideas, or arguments that came last are remembered more clearly
the availability heuristic
estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common
morpheme
in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix)
serial positioning effect
our tendency to recall best the last (recency effect) and first (primacy effect) items in a list
anterograde amnesia
an inability to form new memories
gambler’s fallacy
a failure to recognize the independence of chance events, leading to the mistaken belief that one can predict the outcome of a chance event on the basis of the outcomes of past chance events
priming
the activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one’s perception, memory, or response
framing
the way an issue is posed; how an issue is worded can significantly affect decisions and judgments
algorithm
a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier—but also more error-prone—use of heuristics
rehearsal
process of repeating, verbalizing, thinking about, or otherwise acting on or transforming information in order to keep that information active in memory
Noah Chomsky and his ideas of language
language is innate, or in other words, we are born with a capacity for language. Language rules are influenced by experience and learning, but the capacity for language itself exists with or without environmental influences
we develop out ability to speak through biologically set stages; this contradicted skinner’s behavioral theory
insight
a sudden realization of a problem’s solution; contrasts with strategy-based solutions
prototype
a mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories
Charles Spearman Intelligence Test
identified general intelligence, known as g; tested how well people performed on various tasks relating to intelligence when analyzing the data he collected, Spearman noted that those that did well in one area also scored higher in other areas.
what does it mean if a test is reliable
refers to how dependably or consistently a test measures a characteristic; test repeatably/consistantly yields similar results
encoding
the process of getting information into the memory system— for example, by extracting meaning
inductive reasoning
the act of making generalized conclusions based off of specific scenarios
flynn effect
a secular increase in population intelligence quotient (IQ) observed throughout the 20th century
why did Binet create an intelligence test?
He wanted to find a way to measure the ability to think and reason, apart from education in any particular field; predict which children would succeed and which ones would have difficulty in school
when doing a retest what type of correlation would you want?
0.9 and greater: excellent reliability
