Unit 5 Test

Question 1

hindsight bias

Answer 1

the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it. (Also known as the I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon.)

Question 2

proactive interference

Answer 2

the forward-acting disruptive effect of older learning on the recall of new information

Question 3

what does a score of 100 mean on an IQ test

Answer 3

it is an average iq score

Question 4

functional fixedness

Answer 4

a cognitive bias that limits a person’s ability to use an object in more ways than it is traditionally used and affects an individual’s ability to innovate and be creative when solving challenges

Question 5

recency effect

Answer 5

a cognitive bias in which those items, ideas, or arguments that came last are remembered more clearly

Question 6

the availability heuristic

Answer 6

estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common

Question 7

morpheme

Answer 7

in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix)

Question 8

serial positioning effect

Answer 8

our tendency to recall best the last (recency effect) and first (primacy effect) items in a list

Question 9

anterograde amnesia

Answer 9

an inability to form new memories

Question 10

gambler’s fallacy

Answer 10

a failure to recognize the independence of chance events, leading to the mistaken belief that one can predict the outcome of a chance event on the basis of the outcomes of past chance events

Question 11

priming

Answer 11

the activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one’s perception, memory, or response

Question 12

framing

Answer 12

the way an issue is posed; how an issue is worded can significantly affect decisions and judgments

Question 13

algorithm

Answer 13

a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier—but also more error-prone—use of heuristics

Question 14

rehearsal

Answer 14

process of repeating, verbalizing, thinking about, or otherwise acting on or transforming information in order to keep that information active in memory

Question 15

Noah Chomsky and his ideas of language

Answer 15

language is innate, or in other words, we are born with a capacity for language. Language rules are influenced by experience and learning, but the capacity for language itself exists with or without environmental influences

we develop out ability to speak through biologically set stages; this contradicted skinner’s behavioral theory

Question 16

insight

Answer 16

a sudden realization of a problem’s solution; contrasts with strategy-based solutions

Question 17

prototype

Answer 17

a mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories

Question 18

Charles Spearman Intelligence Test

Answer 18

identified general intelligence, known as g; tested how well people performed on various tasks relating to intelligence when analyzing the data he collected, Spearman noted that those that did well in one area also scored higher in other areas.

Question 19

what does it mean if a test is reliable

Answer 19

refers to how dependably or consistently a test measures a characteristic; test repeatably/consistantly yields similar results

Question 20

encoding

Answer 20

the process of getting information into the memory system— for example, by extracting meaning

Question 21

inductive reasoning

Answer 21

the act of making generalized conclusions based off of specific scenarios

Question 22

flynn effect

Answer 22

a secular increase in population intelligence quotient (IQ) observed throughout the 20th century

Question 23

why did Binet create an intelligence test?

Answer 23

He wanted to find a way to measure the ability to think and reason, apart from education in any particular field; predict which children would succeed and which ones would have difficulty in school

Question 24

when doing a retest what type of correlation would you want?

Answer 24

0.9 and greater: excellent reliability

Question 25

heuristic

Answer 25

a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more errorprone than an algorithm

Question 26

divergent thinking

Answer 26

expanding the number of possible problem solutions; creative thinking that diverges in different directions

Question 27

what happens when you rehearse information, and the new information is prevented from coming in?

Answer 27

The information will remain indefinitely in short-term memory. There will be no transfer of the information to long-term memory

Question 28

procedural memory

Answer 28

type of implicit memory (unconscious, long-term memory) which aids the performance of particular types of tasks without conscious awareness of these previous experiences

Question 29

the three parts of Robert Sternburg’s intelligence theory

Answer 29

practical, creative, and analytical intelligence

Question 30

phonemes

Answer 30

in a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit

Question 31

Howard Gardner intelligence theory

Answer 31

theory of multiple intelligences – there are eight forms out there that we might have different strengths on

Question 32

retroactive interference

Answer 32

the backward-acting disruptive effect of newer learning on the recall of old information

Question 33

Benjamin Whorf and what his hypothesis says

Answer 33

language influences thought rather than the reverse

Question 34

what does percentile rank tell you on an achievement test

Answer 34

how well a student performed in comparison to the students in the specific norm group

Question 35

episodic memory

Answer 35

explicit memory of personally experienced events; one of our two conscious memory systems

Question 36

the primary effect

Answer 36

an individual’s tendency to better remember the first piece of information they encounter than the information they receive later on